标题: Tudor Architecture + Tudor Revival [打印本页] 作者: choi 时间: 10-6-2013 13:33 标题: Tudor Architecture + Tudor Revival Alyssa Abkowitz, The Global House of Tudor; The style that originated in 16th-century England and Wales can now be found all over the world, serving as a status symbol in China while evoking nostalgia in Australia; Driving through the English countryside in Singapore. Wall Street Journal, Oct 4, 2013 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB ... 97312641733016.html
Note:
(a) Please View the side bar ("What Makes a Tudor a Tudor") first, which gives a bird's-eye view. Then read the introduction and the section headlined "Thames Town, Shanghai." It is all right if you do not understand the artechitectural terms; just keep those in mind, which will be explained in the notes below. After reading the notes, return to the WSJ report and read it again.
"Fixed family names were adopted in Wales from the 15th century onwards. Hitherto, the Welsh had a patronymic naming system.
"Patronymic names changed from generation to generation, with a person's baptismal name being linked by ap, ab (son of) or ferch (daughter of) to the father's baptismal name to perhaps the seventh generation. For example, Evan son of Thomas would be known as Evan (ap) Thomas; Evan's son, John would be John (ab) Evan
(ii) Tewdwr/Tudor is "of ancient Celtic origin and unexplained etymology."
(iii) The Welsh surname Reese is "from one of the most common Welsh personal names, Rhys, Old Welsh Ris ‘ardor.' This was the name of the last ruler of an independent kingdom of Wales, Rhys ap Tewder, who died in 1093 unsuccessfully opposing the Norman advance."
Both (ii) and (iii) comes from Dictionary of American Family Names.
Regarding Tudor arch/four-centered arch. I read the Wiki page for "four-centered arch" and could not understand a thing. Here is a better source of information:
William Todd Murdoch, Circular Based Arches--Part 3: Four-Centered Arches. THISisCARPENTRY.com, Mar 2, 2012 (video). http://www.thisiscarpentry.com/2 ... ased-arches-part-3/
(ii) Tudor Revival architecture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture
(Elsewhere in Singapore, then a British colony, architects such as R. A. J. Bidwell pioneered what became known as the Black and White House; Artificially aged and blackened beams are constructed from light wood, bear no loads, and are attached to ceilings and walls purely for decoration)
(g)
(i) chimney http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney
(section 1 History; section 2 Construction: "As a result of the limited ability to handle transverse loads with brick, chimneys in houses were often built in a 'stack,' with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house")
(A) "The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD."
(B) keep (n):
"2: one that keeps or protects: as
a : FORTRESS, CASTLE; specifically : the strongest and securest part of a medieval castle" http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/keep
(C) For "transverse loading," see strength of materials http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials
(mechanics of materials, also called strength of materials; In materials science, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied stress without failure; section 2.1 Types of loading)
In plain English, a force (called "stress" in material mechanics) can be axial (stretching or shortening) or transverse (bending or shearing (two horizontal forces in opposite directions applied to different points of a member, as in second diagram)). The "member" may be a bolt, a pipe etc.
(ii) Quick History: The Evolution of the Chmney. Apartment Therapy, undated. http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/quick-history-chimneys-162580
(A) A fire pit on the floor in this "Quick History" is similar to 火塘 (a term not found in Taiwan). China did not have chimneys or fireplaces. Taiwan's winter can be in the teens centigrade, so it is enough to keep the windows closed for months.
* Some parts of China have used kang bed-stove 炕. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_bed-stove
* Irene Eng The Kibbitzer, Celestial Empire, View From Bottom. Aug 10, 2010 (blog) http://www.ireneeng.com/?p=23048
* www.kepu.net.cn/gb/technology/ne ... 091003130651294.jpg
* Ancient China did have multi-story buildings (pagodas, watch towers, Yueyang Tower (rebuilt in Song dynasty) etc), which did not house inhabitants, it appears. So there was no issue of heating, with the resulting smoke.
Chinese pagoda http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pagoda
(B) I can not verify the following: "With the Norman Invasion (in 1066) came a new concept: two-story houses. An upstairs meant that you couldn't have a fire in the middle of the floor anymore, and you needed to draw the smoke outside instead of straight up, so the fire was moved to a niche in the wall."
(iii)
(A) A sketch of chimney:
"In strong winds the pressure of the wind may overwhelm the updraft and push the airflow in reverse down the flue. Smoke will then fill the room it is intended to heat posing a health and fire risk, causing discomfort and dirtying furnishings in its path.
"When raw coal rather than smokeless fuel is burnt, which was the case for centuries before clean air legislation took effect, then the amount of smoke is considerable and measures to prevent backflow occurring are a necessity.
"Another secondary function is to prevent birds and squirrels from nesting in the chimney. They often also act as a rain [and snow] guard to keep rain from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is sometimes added as a spark arrestor.