标题: Berlin’s Water Management (Tap Water and Sewer System) [打印本页] 作者: choi 时间: 10-1-2014 19:01 标题: Berlin’s Water Management (Tap Water and Sewer System) (1) 02.09 Management of Rain and Waste Water. Berlin Environmental Atlas, 2009 www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/edb209_01.htm
(“Berlin's combined sewage canal system was built In 1873 according to a design by James Hobrecht [1825-1902; a German], to drain Berlin as it was then. However, towns and communities surrounding Berlin, which retained their independence until 1920, mainly built systems based on separate drainage [built after 1900, I guess; otherwise there was no point building separate systems]. After their incorporation into Berlin, their facilities were amalgamated into the present system”)
page 8: "in Berlin, appeals to save water or advertising for additional use of rainwater are neither ecologically or economically necessary. In contrast to other regions, the capital has a large reservoir of groundwater; it is practically built on water.
page 10: “Berlin's treasures lie at a depth of up to 170 metres Berlin's drinking water is extracted from around 650 groundwater wells
page 12: "Each of Berlin's residents uses an average of 110 litres of water per day. Each day, an average of 520,000 m3 of drinking water is made available to households, industry and trade. [Thus 110 is a figure that includes industrial and agricultural uses]
page 14: "Metering * * * Most people in Berlin, namely those who live in a block of flats, never see their water meters. Water consumption in Berlin is normally charged as part of the rent, depending on the size of the flat. We at Berliner Wasserbetriebe charge the water consumption by property with the respective property owner.
page 18: "The Berlin wastewater sewers are a total of approximately 9,600 km long. This includes 4,330 km of wastewater sewers, 3,300 km of stormwater sewers and 1,920 km of combined water sewers. Around three-quarters of the city area of Berlin are set up as one separate sewer network system and one quarter as a combined sewer network system.