Bill Hayton, The South China Sea; The struggle for power in Asia. Yale University Press, Oct 28, 2014.
yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300186833
(b) MONEY, William Taylor (1769-1834), of Walthamstow, Essex. In R Thorne (ed), The History of Parliament; the House of Commons 1790-1820. Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1986 www.historyofparliamentonline.or ... am-taylor-1769-1834
("Offices Held: Capt. E.I. Co. navy 1793-1801" among others)
spelled out: Captain, East India Company navy 1793-1801
(c) "海顿表示,'1935年Scarborough Shoal 被翻成中文 "斯卡巴洛礁," 1947中华民国政府将其改为"民主岛," 而现在的黄岩岛是1983年中华人民共和国政府再改的,并非自古以来的名字。' * * * 1935年中国政府绘制了第一张南中国海地图,当时的南沙群岛 [Spratly Islands] 在现在的黄岩岛的位置,到1947年才 [南] 移到了现在的位置。" (due to ignorance of ROC)
(i) Scarborough Shoal
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal
(The shoal was named after an East India Company tea-clipper which was wrecked on one of its rocks on Sept 12, 1784; The shoal's highest point, South Rock, measures 1.8 m (5.9 ft) above water during high tide)
(ii) Spratly Islands
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands
(Named after the 19th-century British whaling captain Richard Spratly who sighted Spratly Island [Chinese: 南威島] in 1843)
(d) "海顿 * * * 说,'现在James Shoal叫 "曾母暗沙," 暗沙就是礁。但1935给它的名字是 "曾母滩," 滩是沙滩,是可以在上面行走的。' 他说 'Shoal是个很怪的词,英文意思是 "浅" '
(i)
(A) James Shoal
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shoal
("with a depth of 22 metres (72 ft) [underwater]")
Quote:
"James Shoal, along with its two nearby features, Parsons’ Shoal and Lydie Shoal, were discovered by the British in the early 19th Century via many of its surveys. James Shoal first appeared on the British Admiralty Chart in the 1870s. China renamed the feature as Tseng Mu Reef circa 1947/1948 (1912 in some documents), when it published the nine-dash line.
"the shoal is 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the Malaysian [Borneo] coast and about 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) from the Chinese mainland. Geographically, it sits south of the Spratly Islands, but is sometimes grouped with them as part of international disputes over sovereignty in the South China Sea.
(B) Bill Hayton, The South China Sea. Yale University Press, 2014 at page 116
books.google.com/books?id=01FmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=James+Shoal+underwater&source=bl&ots=9eKAjLZr8-&sig=HZN5f4LadKirsPCdqBMT7eETQow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vnsoVenNOIOUNtWQgLgB&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=James Shoal underwater&f=false
("As we saw in Chapter 2, the highest point of James Shoal is a full 22 metres below the sea and its status as the 'souterhnmost point of Chinese territory' is probably derived from a translation mistake by a Chinese government committee in 1935")
(ii) shoal (n): "'place of shallow water,' c 1300, from Old English schealde (adj), from sceald 'shallow' " www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=shoal