Kingdom of Middag
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag
(大肚王國: Dadu 臺中市 大肚區 being the modern-day name of the historical capital Middag)
() "大清帝国要求朝鲜签署了不平等条约《中朝商民水陸貿易章程》，里面约定了中国人在朝鲜享有治外法权，紧接着，大清帝国又要求在朝鲜设立清国租界，一连设立了好几个清租界：仁川清租界、釜山清租界、元山清租界等。"
(i) Wŏnsan 元山 (市)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan
(Wonsan opened [by Japan] as a trade port in 1880; presently capital of Kangwŏn province 江原道, North Korea)
(ii) China–Korea Treaty of 1882
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Korea_Treaty_of_1882
([signed in Tianjin] in October 1882 [following similar treaties between Joseon and Japan (1876) and US (1882]; This agreement has been described as the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules; and it has been called the Sino-Korean Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade [in Korea, both English names of the same treaty is written in hanja 漢字 as 朝淸商民水陸貿易章程];
(iii) The concessions 租界 of (as well as the opening of port cities by) Qing dynasty (and other powers) were in Chemulpo, Fusan (now spelled Pusan) and Wonsan.
Chemulpo is the former spelling of the present-day Incheon Metropolitan City 仁川廣域市. Japan formed it in 1880. See
A Henry Savage-Landor, Corea or Chosen; The Land of the Morning Calm. London: William Heinemann, 1895, at pages 20-21
books.google.com/books?id=O3FCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=Chemulpo+etymology&source=bl&ots=gL1VJXRowx&sig=IkYIdz3E9o2LeYPYs1DUd5gEfxM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yOI6Vfy0FY6wsASL9YGoCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Chemulpo etymology&f=false
("Chemulpo's origin is said to be as follows: The Japanese government, represented at Seoul by a very able and shrewd man called Hanabusa [Japanese surname 花房], had repeatedly urged the Corean king to open to Japanese trade a port somewhat nearer to the capital. Though the king was personally inclined to enter into friendly negotiations, there were ,any of the anti-foreign party who would not hear of the project; but such was the pressure brought to bear by the skilful Japanese, and so persuasive were the king's arguments, that after much pour-parleying, the latter finally gave way. Towards the end of 1880, the Mikado's envoy's, accompanied by a number of other officials, proceeded from the capital to the Imperatrice Gulf and selected an appropriate spot, on which to raise the now prosperous little concession, fixing that some distance from the native city")
(A) Imperatrice Gulf is also known as Ganghwa-man 江華灣 (located between Incheon and Ganghwa Island 江華島). See the map in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghwado
(B) Italian English dictionary
imperatrice (noun feminine): "empress"
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imperatrice
(iv) My humble view is China, unlike great powers, was not imperialistic. Back then, China was Korea’s suzerain 宗主国 (though a suzerain might or might not--I simply do not know--have concessions, extraterritoriality 治外法权). But see suzerainty
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty
(Although it is a concept which has existed in a number of historical empires, it is a concept that is very difficult to describe using 20th- or 21st-century theories of international law, in which sovereignty either exists or does not)