标题: Church Architecture (II) [打印本页] 作者: choi 时间: 1-21-2023 12:27 标题: Church Architecture (II) 本帖最后由 choi 于 1-22-2023 12:30 编辑
II Gothic cathedrals
Edward Rothstein, The Architecture of Praise; The first cathedral [in Paris], Saint-Denis, sought to reconcile old church styles with the new -- and the Hebrew Bible with the New Testament. Wall Street Journal, Dec 24, 2022, at page C9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/par ... -praise-11671812953
(book review on R Howard Bloch, Paris and Her Cathedrals. Liveright, Oct 11, 2022)
Note:
(1)
(a) Both items below are from
Dictionary of American Family Names. 2nd ed. Oxford Univ Press, 2022.
(i) The Jewish (Ashkenazic) surname Bloch is a "habitational name for someone in Eastern Europe originating from Italy from Polish Włoch meaning 'Italian' (originally 'foreigner'; see [Czech and Slovak surname] Vlach[, as well as Welsh, Walsh and Wallace in English but could be Scottish or Irish English; these three all descended from Old English cognate with Włoch and Vlach. These five words originally meant foreign, but depending on actual locations, cane to mean Italian or Welsh]).
(ii) "What is now Liveright Publishing Corporation, Inc (WW Norton bought it in 1974 and revived it in 2012 under this name) was founded in 1917 in Manhattan as Boni & Liveright." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boni_%26_Liveright
(b) In both the WSJ review and my posting, all churches discussed are Gothic, except Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (found in (3)(b)(ii)(A) ) and Hagia Sophia (found in (4)(d) below).
(2) "Gothic cathedrals[:] You expect great regularity with evenly spaced pillars and a vertical expanse divided into three levels * * * meticulously carved scenes outlining the portals' pointed arches; grotesque gargoyles and demonic beings protruding from outer walls vomiting water"
(a) "three levels"
(i) Gothic architecture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture
(section 1 Name)
(A) photo caption: "Nave of Lincoln Cathedral (begun 1185) showing three levels; arcade (bottom); tribune (middle) and clerestory (top)."
• Most commonly the middle level is called (not tribine) triforium https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triforium
(section 1 History: Triforium is derived from the Latin [numeral] tres, tria three, and [noun feminine] foris, door, entrance * * * ("On account of the richness of its mouldings and carved ornament in the sculpture introduced in the spandrels, it became the most highly decorated feature of the interior. The triforium at Lincoln has been described as one of the most beautiful compositions of English Gothic architecture")
Photo caption: "The triforium at Lincoln" You can see why triforium means three doors in each of the two sets in the photo. To te photo's right (on the right margin, that is) is a sketch with caption: "Interior elevation view of a Gothic cathedral, with triforium highlighted [with beige color]."
The i in triforium is pronounced like eye. Naturally in Latin, plural of triforium is triforia, but in architecture triforium (not triforia) is used to indicate mid-level of Gothic church.
tribune (architecture) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_(architecture)
(section 2 Meanings: "In Medieval, and later, ecclesiastical architecture, the term applies to an area within a vaulted or semi-domed apse in a room or church.")
clerestory (n; Middle English, from clere clear + story) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clerestory
(illustration)
(B) illustration caption: "Section of Reims Cathedral showing the three levels of each buttress (1211–1275)"
The three (3) levels are not marked in this sketch, however.
Also in this Wiki page, pay attention to, on the left margin, a sketch in beige background with a caption: "Flying buttress of Reims Cathedral, as drawn by Villard de Honnecourt" You see -- on one side, two (2) -- not one, pinnacles. (Nomenclature of flying buttress is shown at the preceding sketch.) How come? It turns out that Reims Cathedral has both types of flying buttress: one pinnacle or two pinnacles on one side. See Robert Bork, Reims -- Flying Buttress. Geometries of Creation, University of Iowa Library, undated https://geometriesofcreation.lib ... -flying-buttresses/
• Reims Cathedral https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral
(table: Style High Gothic ["is characterized by great height": en.wikipedia.org for "High Gothic"]; "The cathedral was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and was the traditional location for the coronation of the kings of France")
has section 3 Plan that carries a photo with a caption: "Apse (left [ie, east]), transept (centre), nave and west front (right)" The flying buttress flanking apse has two pinnacles on each side.
English dictionary:
* portal (n; ultimately from Latin [noun feminine] porta gate):
"1: DOOR, ENTRANCE especially : a grand or imposing one
2: the whole architectural composition surrounding and including the doorways and porches of a church" https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/portal
Compare Latin noun masculine portus port harbor.
(ii) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture
("was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century * * * It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture [developed in Italy]. It originated in the Île-de-France and Picardy regions of northern France. * * * The defining design element of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch. The use of the pointed arch in turn led to the development of the pointed rib vault and flying buttresses, combined with elaborate tracery and stained glass windows. At the Abbey of Saint-Denis, near Paris, the choir was reconstructed between 1140 and 1144, drawing together for the first time the developing Gothic architectural features. In doing so, a new architectural style emerged that emphasized verticality and the effect created by the transmission of light through stained glass windows")
(A) tracery
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracery
• https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tracery
(illustration)
• https://www.etymonline.com/word/tracery
("mid-15c, 'a place for drawing,' formed in English from trace (v) [defined in the same Web page] + -ery. Architectural sense, in reference to intersecting rib work in the upper part of a gothic window, is attested from 1660s.") (emphasis added).
(c) grotesque https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesque
("The English word first appears in the 1560s as a noun borrowed from French, and comes originally from the Italian grottesca [feminine form of adjective masculine grottesco] (literally 'of a cave' from the [Modern] Italian [noun feminine] grotta cave; see [English noun] grotto) * * * These 'caves' [in Rome] were in fact rooms and corridors of the Domus Aurea, the unfinished palace complex started by Nero after the Great Fire of Rome in CE 64 * * * Rémi Astruc has argued that although there is an immense variety of motifs and figures, the three main tropes of the grotesque are doubleness, hybridity and metamorphosis")
photo caption: "Decorative panel showing the two separable elements of Grotesque: the elaborate acanthus leaf and candelabra type design and the hideous mask or face
(d) gargoyle
(i) English dictionary:
* ("Did You Know? * * * The stone beasts may have earned that name because of the water that gargled out of their throats and mouths") https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gargoyle
* gargle (v; of imitative origin) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gargle
(ii) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyle 作者: choi 时间: 1-21-2023 12:38
(3) "conducting us through six great cathedrals * * * beginning with the first cathedral, built at Saint-Denis. * * * The [English] word 'cathedral' is derived from the Latin cathedra, meaning 'easy chair'—an allusion to the 'seat of a bishop'
(a) conduct (vt)
(i) "2: lead or guide (someone) to or around a particular place <he conducted us through his personal gallery of the Civil War>"
Google English dictionary "provided by Oxford Languages" (You get this when you type a word with (define) (no quotation mark or parentheses necessary).
(ii) "• conduct verb (SHOW WAY)
[ T[ransitive] usually + adv/prep ] formal
to lead someone to a particular place
<May I conduct you to your table, sir, or would you prefer to have a drink at the bar first?>
<The protesters were conducted from the courtroom by two police officers.>
[ T ]
If you conduct a tour of a place, you take people around the place and show it to them:
<A guide conducts tours of the cathedral every afternoon at 2:00.>
<a conducted tour of the palace>
* * *
• conduct verb (DIRECT)
[ T ]
to organize and direct a particular activity
<The experiments were conducted by leading scientists.>
[ T ]
fml [formal] To conduct people to a place is to walk there with them
<The usher conducted us to our seats.>" https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/conduct
(b) cathedra
(i) Latin-English dictionary:
* cathedra (noun feminine; from Ancient Greek):
"1: armchair (having cushions and supports)
2: ceremonial chair (of a teacher, later of a bishop)" https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cathedra
^ teacher?
ex cathedra: "With the full authority of office (especially that of the Pope, implying infallibility as defined in Roman Catholic doctrine). The phrase is Latin, 'from the teacher's chair,' from ex from and cathedra seat (from Greek kathedra).
The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable https://www.oxfordreference.com/ ... y.20110803095803489
Maybe in ancient Greece, it was a teacher's chair, but I fail to find any.
The English adjective and noun cathedral came from Latin cathedra via Latin adjective masculine/ Feminine cathedralis.
* gens (noun feminine): "Roman clan (related by birth or marriage and sharing a common name and often united by certain religious rites)" https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gens
^ In English, the g in gens may be pronounced as hard g (as in Greg) or soft g (as in George).
* domus (noun feminine): "house, home (the building where a person lives)" https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domus
^ palatiyum (noun neuter): "palace" https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palatium
is the Latin for palace.
(ii) Cathedra https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra
, whose first photo is taken from
(A) Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran
(table: Architectural Style Baroque, Neoclassical, Groundbreaking AD 4th century, Completed 1735; "is a Catholic cathedral church of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome, and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope. The archbasilica lies outside of Vatican City proper, which is located approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the northwest. Nevertheless, as properties of the Holy See, the archbasilica and its adjoining edifices enjoy an extraterritorial status from Italy, pursuant to the terms of the Lateran Treaty of 1929. [Italian proper noun masculine] Laterano ([English proper noun] Lateran) comes from an ancient Roman family (gens), whose palace (domus) grounds occupied the site; the Lateran Palace [still standing] was the primary residence of the pope until the Middle Ages")
• Lateran https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran
("the Lateranus family of the Roman Empire")
• The gens and domus are defined in (3)(b)(i) above.
(c) easy chair (n): "a [large or roomy] comfortable upholstered armchair" https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/easy-chair
(image) 作者: choi 时间: 1-21-2023 12:40 本帖最后由 choi 于 1-22-2023 12:26 编辑
(4) "Saint-Denis's was begun about 1137, some 40 years after veterans of the First Crusade brought back accounts of the grandeur of Hagia Sophia, the sixth-century Byzantine church in Constantinople. (That astounding structure, which became a museum in the 20th century, was turned into a mosque by the Turkish government in 2020 * * *) In Saint-Denis, Abbot Suger [He is remembered with one name, rather both first or last] oversaw the cathedral's construction * * * He also made sure the building incorporated a tribute to him (imagining himself, perhaps, a 12th-century Robert Moses, leading his flock into the promised land). * * * The darkness and heaviness of earlier Romanesque churches would be undone with the aid of 'flying' buttresses to support the building's sides. This would allow thinner walls that could be punctuated with soaring windows. Those windows would also become 'paintings'—Suger's word for stained-glass images. * * * In the case of Saint-Denis, where French royalty had been interred for centuries before the cathedral was begun, the connection was palpable: The crypt below holds remains of kings portrayed above."
(a)
(i) Saint Denis of Paris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris
(3rd century; "was bishop of Paris (then Lutetia) in the third century"/ section 1 Name)
(ii) Basilica of Saint-Denis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis
("containing the tombs of the Kings of France, including nearly every king from the 10th century to Louis XVIII in the 19th century. * * * The Queens of France were crowned at Saint-Denis")
You may read Wiki pages for either Paris or Lutetia to know name origins of both words (both because the two names are most often discussed together). The English name for the place that later became Paris is Lutetia is Lutetia, whose Roman name was "Lutetia Parisiorum (lu:ˈti:ʃə pəˌrɪzɪˈɔːrəm) https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/lutetia
(b) Robert Moses https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses
(1888 – 1981)
(c) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress
("The flying buttresses of Notre Dame de Paris, constructed in 1180, were among the earliest to be used in a Gothic cathedral")
(d)
(i) Hagia Sophia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia
(Ancient Greek Ἁγία Σοφία for Holy Wisdom; "was originally a Greek Orthodox church from 360 AD until the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum ['Turkish Pres Kemal Atatürk secularized the building'; Encyclopaedia Britannica for Hagia Sophia]. In 2020, the site once again became a mosque. The current structure was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I [reign 527 – 565] as the Christian cathedral of Constantinople for the state church of the Byzantine Empire between 532 and 537 [six years], and was designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. It was formally called the Church of the Holy Wisdom and upon completion became the world's largest interior space and among the first to employ a fully pendentive dome. It is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture * * * The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site")
(A) caption of photo 1: "[The current] Hagia Sophia was built [should be 'completed'] in 537, with minarets added in the 15th–16th centuries when it became a mosque."
(B) table: Dedicated to (it is too long. Please read yourself.)
(C) scheme caption: " * * * the 6th-century Hagia Sophia (532–537) by Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral (1507) in Spain.
(D) photo caption: "The hexapterygon (six-winged angel) on the north-east pendentive (upper left), whose face was discovered and recovered by the Fossati brothers, uncovered in 2009 (annotations)."
This photo shows 40 ribs extends up from in between 40 windows.
(E) In section 1 History, section 1.4 Mosque (1453–1935), section 1.4.1 Renovation of 1847–1849, there are s gallery of thumbnails, two of which, sitting side by side, have captions that reads separately,
"Nave and apse after restoration, facing east"
"Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west"
(ii) Hagia Sophia https://www.collinsdictionary.co ... nglish/hagia-sophia
(pronunciation: accent of Hagia is on gi, where g is hard g -- same as that in English noun hagiography)
(iii) Ancient Greek-English dictionary (where the first letter of both words are not capitalized):
* ἁγία (adjective masculine (romanization hágios); feminine ἁγίᾱ haɡía): "holy"
* σοφῐ́ᾱ (noun feminine): "wisdom" https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/σοφία
(iv) pendentive
(A) Dome; Hagia Sophia. PBS.com, undated (under the heading 'Wonders of the World databank') https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildin ... e/hagia_sophia.html
the first four paragraphs:
"Considered the finest example of Byzantine architecture in the world, the church of Hagia Sophia was constructed on a scale unprecedented in human history. * * * with a force of 10,000 workers * * *
"when construction began, Anthemius found himself in a geometric fix. How would he build a circular dome atop a square base? Anthemius arrived at a revolutionary solution. He built four massive columns at the corner of each square. On top of the columns, he built four arches. He then filled the spaces between the arches with masonry to create curved triangular shapes called pendentives. The pendentives and the tops of the arches combine to form a strong base for the dome.
"But it was the dome that made Hagia Sophia the most complex building of antiquity. The shallow dome was made from 40 equally spaced ribs. Forty windows were then set at the dome's base, creating the sensation that the dome actually floated over the church.
"In 559 AD, an earthquake [partially: Encyclopaedia Britannica] tumbled the dome. It was rebuilt to a smaller scale, and the [walls of] whole church was reinforced from the outside.
(B) pendentive (accent or stress on the second syllable) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentive
(piers; "full development of the form came in the 6th-century Eastern Roman Hagia Sophia at Constantinople")
(v) math