1.Hannah Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951, 1966); Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1956, 1965).
2.Allen Kassof, "The Administered Society: Totalitarianism without Terror," World Politics 16: 4 (July 1964), p. 559.
3.Juan Linz, "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes," in Greenstein and Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1975) vol. 3.
4.Michael Walzer, "On `Failed Totalitarianism'," in Irving Howe, ed., 1984Revisited: Totalitarianism in Our Century (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), pp. 107, 118.
5.Jeffrey C. Goldfarb, Beyond Glasnost: The Post-Totalitarian Mind (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), p. 37.
6.Gyorgy Lukacs, "Contemporary Problems of Marxist Philosophy," in Gale Stokes, ed., From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 92.
7.Milovan Djilas, "The New Class," in Gale Stokes, ed., From Stalinism to Pluralism, Excerpts from The New Class (New York: Praeger, 1967), p. 105.
8.Zdenek Mlynar, "Towards a Democratic Political Organization of Society," in Gale Stokes, ed., From Stalinism to Pluralism, pp. 124-125.
9.Adam Michnik, "The New Evolutionism" in Letters from Freedom: Post-Cold War Realities and Perspectives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).Vaclav Benda et al., "Parallel Polis, or An Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe: An Inquiry," Social Research 55: 1/2 (1988): 211-246.
10.Stanislaw Baranczak, Breathing under Water and other East European Essays (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).Miklos Haraszti, The Velvet Prison (New York: New Republic Books, 1987).Gyorgy Konrad, Antipolitics (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984).Gyorgy Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979).Leszek Kolakowski, "The Escapist Conspiracy," in Toward a Marxist Humanism: Essays on the Left Today (New York: Grove Press, 1968).
11, 12, 13, 14, 15.Vaclav Havel, "The Power of the Powerless," in Jan Vladislav, ed., Vaclav Havel or Living in Truth (London: Faber and Faber, 1986),. pp. 94, 88-89, 41, 45, 62.
16.Milan Kundera, The Farewell Party (London: Penguin Books, 1977), pp. 68-69.
17.Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1984), p. 254.