实现所有这些目标的努力将不可避免地导致统治体制的某些逐步的“现代化”吗?那样的话政权会以被一些学者所认为的已经形成“计划外的成长” (“grow out of the plan”)同样的方式形成“脱离威权主义轨迹的发展”(“grow out of authoritarianism”)吗?目前没有证据表明这点。该政权的制度性变迁,到目前为止,是有助于巩固而不是削弱威权主义的。建设“法治”的计划已导致了法庭是屈从于党这种结果的。11乡村选举的制度已经透过寻求不被村民接受的地方领导人加强了政权对于农村的掌控。媒体的多样化和互联网的普及已经使得政权更为有效的散布了其世界观。12
1 Andrew J. Nathan, “Present at the Stagnation: Is China’s Development Stalled?”, Foreign Affairs (July/August 2006), pp. 177-182.
2 A view proposed, for example, by Gordon Chang, The Coming Collapse of China (New York: Random House, 2001).
3 Bruce Gilley, China’s Democratic Future: How It Will Happen and Where It Will Lead (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
4 “China’s Changing of the Guard: Authoritarian Resilience,” Journal of Democracy 14:1 (January 2003), pp. 6-17.
5 Tianjian Shi, “China: Democratic Values Supporting an Authoritarian System,” in Yun-han Chu, Larry Diamond, Andrew J. Nathan, and Doh Chull Shin, eds., Citizens and Democratic Politics in East Asia (forthcoming).
6 Ashley Esarey, Speak No Evil: Mass Media Control in Contemporary China (Washington, D.C.: Freedom House, 2006).
7 Being “the only game in town” has become a political science indicator for the consolidation of democratic regimes. Logically, the same standard applies to authoritarian regimes.
8 Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 168.
9 Minxin Pei, China’s Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006).
10 Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change, Second Ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), pp. 29¬33.
11 See Benjamin Liebman, “China’s Courts: Restricted Reform,” prepared for the conference on “Recent Developments in Chinese Law: The Past Ten Years,” All Souls College, Oxford, September 15-16, 2006.
12 I argued at the start of China’s media reform in the mid-1980s that this was its purpose; Andrew J. Nathan, Chinese Democracy (New York: Knopf, 1985), Ch. 9.
13 As is suggested by Bruce J. Dickson, Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change (N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2003) and Margaret Pearson, China's New Business Elite: The Political Results of Economic Reform (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
14 Meyer’s theory is described and critiqued in Daniel C. Lynch, Rising China and Asian Democratization: Socialization to “Global Culture” in the Political Transformations of Thailand, China, and Taiwan
(Stanford: Stanford University Press: 2006), Ch. 1.
15 The idea of not wanting to be decentered is from Lynch. The idea of an alternative modernity is from Lin Chun, The Transformation of Chinese Socialism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006). See also Wang Juntao, “Reverse Course: Political Neo-conservatism and Regime Stability in Post-Tiananmen China,” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 2006.
16 Citation to come. Another recent work that reaches a similar conclusion – China will continue to grow and gradually reform, and we should get used to dealing with the Chinese regime – is C. Fred Bergsten, Bates Gill, Nicholas R. Lardy, and Derek Mitchell, China: The Balance Sheet (New York: PublicAffairs, 2006).
17 Andrew J. Nathan and Robert S. Ross, The Great Wall and the Empty Fortress: China’s Search for Security (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997); Robert S. Ross, “The Geography of the Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century,” International Security 23:4 (Spring 1999), pp. 81-118; Thomas J. Christensen, “Fostering Stability or Creating a Monster? The Rise of China and U.S. Policy toward East Asia,” International Security 31:1 (Summer 2006), pp. 81-126.
18 Disclosure: I am co-chair of the board of Human Rights in China.
19 An influential view among Chinese reformers is that rule of law is desirable and possible while democracy is neither. This view was articulated in an influential article by Pan Wei. Pan’s argument is presented and discussed in Zhao Suisheng, ed., Debating Political Reform in China: Rule of Law vs. Democratization (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2006).
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