标题: Pentagon's 2013 Report on China [打印本页] 作者: choi 时间: 5-6-2013 16:00 标题: Pentagon's 2013 Report on China Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving
the People’s Republic of China 2013. Office od Secretary of Defense; May 6, 2013. http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf
Quote:
(a) "In 2011, approximately 85 percent of China’s oil imports transited the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. Separate crude oil pipelines from Russia and Kazakhstan to China illustrate efforts to increase
overland supply. A pipeline that would bypass the Strait of Malacca by transporting crude oil from Kyuakpya, Burma to Kunming, China is currently under construction with an estimated completion time of late 2013 or early 2014. The crude oil for this pipeline will be supplied by Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern and African countries.
"Given China’s growing energy demand, new pipelines will only slightly alleviate China’s maritime dependency on either the Strait of Malacca or the Strait of Hormuz. Despite China’s efforts, the sheer volume of oil and liquefied natural gas that is imported to China from the Middle East and
Africa will make strategic SLOCs [sea lines of communication] increasingly important to Beijing.
"In 2011, China imported 14.3 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas, or 46 percent of all of its natural gas imports, from Turkmenistan to China by pipeline via Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. This pipeline is designed to carry 40 bcm per year with plans to expand it to 60 bcm. Another natural gas pipeline designed to deliver 12 bcm per year of Burmese-produced gas is under construction and estimated for completion in late 2013 or early 2014. This pipeline parallels the crude oil pipeline across Burma. Beijing is negotiating with Moscow for two pipelines that could supply China with up to 69 bcm of gas per year; discussions have stalled over pricing differences." page 19, in a side bar titled China's Energy Strategy
(b) "China claims sovereignty over the Spratly and Paracel island groups and other land formations within its “nine-dash line” claim - claims disputed in whole or part by Brunei, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Taiwan, which occupies Itu Aba in the Spratly Islands, makes the same claims as the PRC." page 22, in a side bar titled China's Territorial Disputes
(c) "Three JIN-class SSBNs (Type 094) are currently operational, and up to five may enter service before China proceeds to its next generation SSBN (Type 096) over the next decade. The JIN-class SSBN will carry the new JL-2 submarine launched ballistic missile with an estimated range of more than 4,000nm." page 6
"China also has expanded its force of nuclearpowered attack submarines (SSN). Two SHANG-class SSNs (Type 093) are already in service, and China is building four improved variants of the SHANG-class SSN, which will replace the aging HAN-class SSNs (Type 091). In the next decade, China will likely
construct the Type 095 guided-missile attack submarine (SSGN), which may enable a submarine-based land-attack capability." pages 6-7
"After a round of successful testing in 2012, the JL-2 appears ready to reach initial operational capability in 2013." page 31
(d) "China demonstrated a directascent kinetic kill anti-satellite capability to low Earth orbit when it destroyed the defunct Chinese FY-1C weather satellite during a test in January 2007. Although Chinese defense
academics often publish on counterspace threat technologies, no additional anti-satellite programs have been publicly acknowledged." page 33
"In January 2010, and again in January 2013, China successfully intercepted a ballistic missile at mid-course, using a groundbased missile." page 36
(e) "PLA Navy has begun to conduct military activities within the
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of other nations, without the permission of those coastal states. Of note, the United States has observed over the past year several instances of Chinese naval activities in the EEZ around
Guam and Hawaii. One of those instances was during the execution of the annual Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise in July/August 2012. While the United States considers the PLA Navy activities in its EEZ to be lawful,
the activity undercuts China’s decades-old position that similar foreign military activities in China’s EEZ are unlawful." page 39
"The PLA Navy has made long-distance deployments a routine part of the annual training cycle. In 2012, it deployed task groups beyond the first island chain seven times with formations as large as seven ships. These deployments are designed to complete a number of training requirements, including long-distance navigation, C2 [command and control], and multidiscipline warfare in deep sea environments beyond the range of land-based air defense." ditto
"Limited logistical support remains a key obstacle preventing the PLA Navy from operating more extensively beyond East Asia, particularly in the Indian Ocean." ditto
(f) "To date, China has not produced a non-carrier surface combatant
larger than a destroyer [implying not building a indigenous aircraft carrier yet], but is outfitting theses ships with increasingly sophisticated antisurface, -air and –subsurface defensive and offensive capabilities." page 48
(g) "However, production in the aircraft industry will be limited by its reliance on foreign sourcing for dependable, proven aircraft engines, as well as a continued lack of skilled personnel and facilities. Infrastructure and experience for the production of large-body commercial and military aircraft are believed to be limited, but growing with new investments. * * * Although China is modernizing its aviation industry, it lags behind in the production of reliable high performance aircraft engines." page 49
(h) "The PLA is capable of accomplishing various amphibious operations short of a full-scale invasion of Taiwan [proper]. * * * Large-scale amphibious invasion is one of the most complicated and difficult military
operations. Success depends upon air and sea superiority, rapid buildup and sustainment of supplies on shore, and uninterrupted support. An attempt to invade Taiwan would strain China’s armed forces and invite international
intervention. These stresses, combined with China’s combat force attrition and the complexity of urban warfare and counterinsurgency (assuming a successful landing and breakout), make amphibious invasion of Taiwan a significant political and military risk." page 59作者: choi 时间: 5-6-2013 16:00
Note:
(a) Paragraph 2 of quotation (c) suggests that China does not have the capability yet, for a Chinese submarine to launch a guided missile (cruise or ballistic) targeting a land object.
Accord: "It [PLA Navy] will also develop a new capability for ship-based land-attack using cruise missiles." page 34
(b) Paragraph 1 of quotation (d) places the emphasis on "anti-satellite" as sopposed to anti-missile or missile defense.
(c) "The Second Artillery has deployed more than 1,100 SRBMs [short-range ballistic missiles] to garrisons across from Taiwan and is fielding cruise missiles, including the ground-launched CJ-10 land-attack cruise
missile." page 38
CJ-10 (missile) 長劍-10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-10_(missile)
(The CJ-10 made its first public appearance during the October 1 military parade in 2009; Operational range 2,500km)
(d) "Anti-Radiation Weapons: China is starting to integrate an indigenous version of the Russian Kh-31P (AS-17) known as the YJ-91 into its fighter-bomber force. The PLA imported Israeli-made HARPY UAVs and Russian-made anti-radiation missiles during the 1990s." page 48, in a side bar titled Precision Strike
Kh-31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-31
(Russian X-31)
, whose NATO reporting name is AS-17 Krypton. Kh-31P is AS-17C Krypton-C, whose Chinese equivalent is YingJi鹰击 -91 (YJ-91 for short; In service late 1990s to present, according to en.wikipedia.org).
(e) Page 46 displays a table titled "2012 Defense Budget Comparison (Adjusted for Inflation)": China a (Official Budget) $106.7 billion (USD); Russia (National Defense Budget) $61.3; Japan $58.0; India $45.5; Republic of Korea $29.2; Taiwan $10.8.