Japan's Monster Tourist Boom (II)

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Japanese castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_castle

Quote:

"Moats were created by diverting mountain streams. Buildings were made primarily of wattle and daub [see Note (a)], using thatched roofs, or, occasionally, wooden shingles.

"Today there are more than one hundred castles extant, or partially extant, in Japan; it is estimated that once there were five thousand.

"Japanese castles were almost always built atop a hill or mound, and often an artificial mound would be created for this purpose.

"Japanese castles, like their European cousins, featured massive stone walls and large moats. However, walls were restricted to the castle compound itself; they were never extended around a jōkamachi (castle town), and only very rarely were built along borders [of a province, a domain etc]. This comes from Japan's long history of not fearing invasion, and stands in stark contrast to philosophies of defensive architecture in Europe, China, and many other parts of the world.

"Though the area inside the walls could be quite large, it did not encompass fields or peasants' homes * * * Samurai lived almost exclusively within the compound, those of higher rank living closer to the daimyō's central keep. In some larger castles, such as Himeji [Castle] 姫路城 [located in 兵庫県 姫路市], a secondary inner moat was constructed between this more central area of residences and the outer section where lower-ranking samurai kept their residences.

section 2.2 Layout (which carries "Layout of Utsunomiya Castle 宇都宮城 [located in 栃木県宇都宮市], c. Edo Period"): "The primary method of defense lay in the arrangement of the baileys, called maru 丸 or kuruwa 曲輪. Maru, meaning 'round' or 'circle' in most contexts, here refers to sections of the castle, separated by courtyards. Some castles were arranged in concentric circles, each maru lying within the last, while others lay their maru in a row; most used some combination of these two layouts. Since most Japanese castles were built atop a mountain or hill, the topography of the location determined the layout of the maru.

[ii] "The 'most central bailey,' containing the keep, was called honmaru 本丸, and the second and third were called ni-no-maru 二の丸 and san-no-maru 三の丸 respectively. These areas contained the main tower and residence of the daimyō, the storerooms (kura 蔵 or 倉), and the living quarters of the garrison. Larger castles would have additional encircling sections, called soto-guruwa 外曲輪 [or 外郭, which is pronounced differently] or sōguruwa 総曲輪. At many castles still standing today in Japan, only the honmaru remains. Nijō Castle 二条城 in Kyoto is an interesting exception, in that the ni-no-maru still stands, while all that remains of the honmaru is the stone base.

Note:
(a)
(i) wattle and daub
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_and_daub
(for making walls, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw)
(ii) daub (v): "to cover or coat with soft adhesive matter : PLASTER [daub as a noun]"
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/daub

(b) Japanese English dictionary:
* jōkamachi 城下町 【じょうかまち】 (n): "castle town; town around castle"  [because the castle is up on the hill]
* 丸之内
   ^ maru 丸 【まる】 (n): "(1) circle * * * (4) enclosure inside a castle's walls"