(b) 东弗里斯兰人 ("Ostfriesen" in this report, which is German of course)
East Frisian in English, which is inhabitants of East Frisia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia
("It is the middle section of Frisia between West Frisia in the Netherlands and North Frisia in Schleswig-Holstein" of Germany)
(i) "Frisia, historic region of the Netherlands and Germany, fronting the North Sea and including the Frisian Islands [off the coasts of the Netherlands and Germany]. It has been divided since 1815 into [Dutch part and German part]. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak a language closely related to English."
Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Frisia
(ii) Frisia itself was never a country (it has been the name of a region), but East Frisia was a countdom from 1465 to 1654, and a princedom/principality from 1954 to 1755, both under Holy Roman Empire.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia
(section 1 History: The Frisians controlled the mouth of the Ems river [which divides the modern-day Netherlands and Germany]; In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes; "East Frisian independence ended in 1744, when the region was taken over by Prussia after the last Cirksena prince had died without issue. There was no resistance to this takeover, since it had been arranged by contract beforehand")
* principality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality
(Generally recognised surviving sovereign principalities are Liechtenstein, Monaco, and the co-principality of Andorra)
(c) It is said in (b)(i) that " Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak a language closely related to English."
Note present tense of "speak." But what is the relationship between (modern or ancient) Frisians and Anglo-Saxons?
(i) Anglo-Saxon. Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-Saxon
the first two paragraphs:
"Anglo-Saxon, term used historically to describe any member of the Germanic peoples who, from the 5th century ce to the time of the Norman Conquest (1066), inhabited and ruled territories that are today part of England and Wales.
"According to St. Bede the Venerable [c 673-735; an English monk], the Anglo-Saxons were the descendants of three different Germanic peoples—the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes [who lived in modern-day Denmark]. By Bede’s account, those peoples originally migrated from northern Germany to the island of Britain in the 5th century at the invitation of Vortigern, a ruler of Britons, to help defend his kingdom against marauding invasions by the Picts and Scotti, who occupied what is now Scotland. Archaeological evidence suggests that the first migrants from the Germanic areas of mainland Europe included settlers from Frisia and antedated the Roman withdrawal from Britain about 410 ce. Their subsequent settlements in what is now England laid the foundation for the later kingdoms of Essex, Sussex, and Wessex (Saxons); East Anglia, Middle Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria (Angles); and Kent (Jutes). Ethnically, the Anglo-Saxons actually represented an admixture of Germanic peoples with Britain’s preexisting Celtic inhabitants and subsequent Viking and Danish invaders.
(ii) Frisians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians
section 1 History: "From the 3rd through the 5th centuries Frisia suffered marine transgressions that made most of the land uninhabitable, aggravated by a change to a cooler and wetter climate. Whatever population may have remained dropped dramatically, and the coastal lands remained largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. When conditions improved, Frisia received an influx of new settlers, mostly Angles and Saxons. These people would eventually be referred to as 'Frisians', though they were not necessarily descended from the ancient Frisii. It is these 'new Frisians' who are largely the ancestors of the medieval and modern Frisians.
(d) list of countries by tea consumption per capita
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li ... sumption_per_capita
(as of 2014: Turkey (No 1)> Russia (2) > China (6)> UK (14) >Japan (25)>India (44)>>Germany (85) ) |
发表于 4-30-2017 15:44:43
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