Waterless Urinal and Papermaking

choi

(1) waterless urinal (in commercial use):

Falcon Waterfree Technologies
www.falconwaterfree.com/(section heading: How It Works)

is based in City of Los Angeles.

choi

(2)  The paper industry and climate change | Roll on the Green Revolution; A technological fix is proposed to combat global warming. Economist, Nov 30, 2013
www.economist.com/news/business/ ... ll-green-revolution(This week European pulp and paper companies announced some ideas)

Quote:

"Pulp and paper is a big energy [plus water] consumer—the world’s fifth-largest industrial user.

"Most of the energy now used in making paper goes on drying the sheets. So making it without water would also cut energy consumption.

Note:
(a) The methodology is experimental.

(b) Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI), a trade association, "set up two teams of scientists and businesspeople, each under a former chief executive (of Smurfit Kappa, the fourth-largest European papermaker, and Mondi, the fifth)."
(i) Smurfit Kappa Group
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfit_Kappa_Group
(established in 1934; acquired by Jefferson Smurfit in 1938; merged with Kappa Packaging in 2005; Headquarters Dublin)
(ii) Mondi was formed in 1967 and is based in Johannesburg, South Africa.

(c) lignin
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin
(a complex polymer of aromatic alcohols known as monolignols; The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood)
Quote: “Mechanical, or high-yield pulp used to make newsprint contains most of the lignin originally present in the wood. This lignin is responsible for newsprint's yellowing with age. Lignin must be removed from the pulp before high-quality bleached paper can be manufactured.

(d) kraft process
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_process(treatment of wood chips with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide; so called because of the superior strength of the resulting paper, from the German word kraft [noun for "strength, force"]; invented by Carl F Dahl in 1879 in Danzig, Prussia [now Gdańsk, Poland]; section 3 Comparison with other pulping processes: (Acidic) sulfite processes degrade cellulose more than the kraft process, which leads to weaker fibers)

(e) "The winning proposal would do away with all this grinding and chemical cooking. Instead, it would use things called deep eutectic solvents to dissolve wood and separate out the lignin. These solvents occur naturally: plants produce them during droughts. They would essentially turn papermaking into a biochemical business, cutting primary energy use by 40%."

I try, but do not understand deep eutectic solvent, first described in 2003.