'印度制造' 难追赶中国: 金融时报

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詹姆斯•克拉布特里, '印度制造' 难追赶中国. 金融时报, Dec 31, 2014
www.ftchinese.com/story/001059921


, which is translated from

James Crabtree, Modi Faces Uphill battle in Mission to See India Rival China; PM’s goal to turn India into a global manufacturing hub will be difficult to achieve. Financial Times, Dec 31, 2014.  (You can got the report by googling the title.)
www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d02e6fba-8fbb-11e4-b5a4-00144feabdc0.html

Quote:

"India excels at some high-tech manufacturing. The likes of Ford and Hyundai run world-class local factories, packed with whirring robots. Many global carmakers see India as a crucial export base. But lower skilled, labour-intensive industries such as clothes manufacturing and electronics [the report gave an example: mobile phones] do less well

Note:
(a) The English surname Crabtree signified "someone who lived by a crabapple tree."

(b) "At just 15 per cent of gross domestic product, the sector is less than half the size of China’s."
(i) The World Bank data supplies historical (since 1980) and 2013 (the latest available) data--nut not Taiwan's.

Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP). World Bank, undated
data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.ZS
(In 2013: China (32%), Germany (22), Hong Kong SAR, China (1), Japan (18), Korea Rep. (31), Singapore (19), UK (10), US (no data for 2013; "13%" in 2012))

The same table shows that in 1980: China (40%), Japan (27), Korea Rep. (23), Singapore (28)--and no data for Germany, Hong Kong, UK or US.
(ii) Taiwan: Economy. CIA World Factbook, 2014.
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html
(GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 2%; industry: 29.4%; services: 68.6% (2013 est.))

But "industry" is not the same as (in fact, bigger than) "manufacturing."  For example, the corresponding figures for China in 2013 were: "agriculture: 10%[;] industry: 43.9%[;] services: 46.1%."
(iii) Industrial Development Report 2013; Sustaining Employment Growth: The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_med ... 013_main_report.pdf
(A) "Table 1.1 Gross value added in agriculture, industry (including manufacturing) and services as a share of GDP at current prices, selected countries and regional averages, 1950–2005 (percent)"

...................................................1950 (footnote a) ...............................2005
...............................................AG...NMI...MAN...SER ......................AG...NMI...MAN...SER
China ......................................51...7.......14......29 ........................13....14.....34......40
Taiwan, Province of China .......37...7.......15......45.........................2......4.......22......72

The table does not include S Korea, Japan, UK or US.
(B) For S Korea ("Republic of Korea" in this report), see "Figure 1.1 GDP composition by sectors, Republic of Korea and Ghana, 1960–2005"

(c)  translation: 诺基亚(Nokia)的事例就充分体现了印度的这些困难。直到去年，这家芬兰科技集团还一直在金奈 [Chennai] 经营着一家现代化水平非常高的大型工厂，雇用了约8000名工人，向全球各地出口产品。
(d) "Make in India should be understood as a way to explain the need for far-reaching reforms, such as scrapping outmoded labour and land acquisition laws, he [Arvind Panagariya, an economist at Columbia Univefrsity] argues. This is perfectly reasonable but also sobering. It suggests that heroic and improbable changes are needed across India’s economy before its manufacturing aspirations can be realised."

translation: 他主张，“印度制造”计划应被视为印度有必要进行广泛改革的一个理由，比如废除过时的劳动和土地征用法规。这非常合理，但也令人警醒。它表明，印度要实现制造业抱负，就必须在所有经济领域进行艰苦卓绝、乃至不太可能完成的变革。

(e) "Worse, the nature of Asian manufacturing is changing in ways that make India’s task trickier. Cheap labour is still an advantage. But factors such as logistics and energy costs are increasingly important in persuading global companies to relocate — both areas where India struggles. Even manufacturers facing rising wage bills in China show few signs of moving to India en masse."

translation: 更糟糕的是，亚洲制造业的性质正在发生变化，这使印度的任务变得更加棘手。廉价劳动力依然是一个优势，但要吸引跨国企业转移生产地点，物流和能源成本等因素变得越来越重要，而印度在这两方面并不占优。即使在中国运营的制造商面临薪资上涨的压力，也并没有出现大批制造商转战印度的迹象。