(b) "Recent biographers have focused on the early decades, with Elizabeth's last years acting as a postscript to the beheading of Mary Queen of Scots [1587] and the defeat of the Spanish Armada [1588]. * * * Four more armadas were sent to invade the British Isles, although in the end good luck and bad weather scuppered their plans."
(i)
(A) Philip II of Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain
(1527 – 1598; "during his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554–58), was King of England and Ireland," King of Spain (1556-1598); The 1588 failure of Spanish Armada "thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism")
Quote: "Eventually, three more Armadas were assembled; two were sent to England in 1596 and 1597, but both also failed; the third (1599) was diverted to the Azores and Canary Islands to fend off raids [from a Dutch fleet]. This Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d 1598) and Elizabeth I (d 1603) were dead")
(B) Mary I of England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
(1516 – 1558; "Bloody Mary"/ Queen of England and Ireland 1553-1558; was the only child of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive to adulthood; succeeded by her younger half-sister and successor Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn)
is not the same as Mary Queen of Scots -- of Scotland.
(ii) "Four more armadas were sent to invade the British Isles"
(A) According to (b)(i)(A), there were only two more.
(B) The third one was a false alarm to England, which was identical to "the third (1599) was diverted to the Azores and Canary Islands to fend off raids." (b)(i)(A).
* Paul EJ Hammer, Elizabeth's Wars; War, government and society in Tudor England, 1544-1604. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (page number not shown)
https://books.google.com/books?i ... 0canary&f=false
("Equally disturbing as the invasion scare [in England] of July-August 1599, which arose from wild rumours that a new 'Armada' was about to set sail. Like 1577, a full naval call out was initiated and a large army began to muster around London. * * * In reality, this 'Invincible Armada' was a Spanish fleet which sailed for Canary Islands in pursuit of a Dutch Fleet and the whole effort was an expensive false alarm")
* Canary Islands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands
("The most severe attack [on Canary Islands] took place in 1599, during the Dutch War of Independence. A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Pieter van der Does, attacked the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria")
(C) The fourth was not against England, but to assist Irish rebels against the English rule.
Kinsale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsale
(a port; In 1601 a Spanish military expedition - the last of the Armadas - landed in Kinsale [Siege of Kinsale followed: Result Decisive English victory over Irish rebels and Spaniards under siege]) |
发表于 5-12-2016 17:24:19
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