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本帖最后由 choi 于 12-28-2019 13:19 编辑
Christoph Niemann, The Breakup; When my editors at the magazine asked me to investigate just what is going on with the European Union, the obvious place to start was the country that has voted to leave it. New York Times Magazine, Oct 27, 2019.
https://www.nytimes.com/interact ... rchResultPosition=1
Note”
(a)
(i) Christoph Niemann
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Niemann
(born in 1970 in Germany as German; "he moved to New York City in 1997. After 11 years in New York City, he moved to Berlin with his wife, Lisa, and their three sons"/ an illustrator)
(ii) The German surname Niemann is "North German form of Neumann, from Middle Low German nie + man." Dictionary of American Family Names, by Oxford University Press.
(b) "House of Commons Chamber * * * The red lines on the green carpet are said to be two sword lengths apart, dating back to a time when such a design was a physical necessity. From there [House of Commons Chamber], I pass through the Churchill's Arch, whicch connects the House of Commons to the main lobby. It still shows the damage from German air raids during World War II."
(i) red lines
(A) House of Commons of the United Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho ... _the_United_Kingdom
("Members of the Government sit on the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn, which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates. Government ministers and the leader of the Opposition and the Shadow Cabinet sit on the front rows, and are known as frontbenchers. Other members of parliament, in contrast, are known as backbenchers. Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the Chamber at the same time, as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members") (italics original)
A photo in this Wiki page shows the red lines, whose caption reads: "The modern chamber, which opened following post-war reconstruction in 1950." Looking at the illustrations in this Wiki page, apparently House of Commons packed in more members with time, the central free space becomes much smaller.
(B) Rules and traditions of Parliament
https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/customs/
("The origins of Parliament go back to the 13th century, so there are many rules, customs and traditions that help explain its workings [which is subtitle]. * * * Members may speak only from where they were called, which must be within the House. They may not speak from the floor of the House between the red lines (traditional supposed to be two sword-lengths apart). Also, the Speaker will not call a Member in the gallery if there is room downstairs. Members must stand whilst speaking but if they are unable to do so they are allowed to address the House seated")
(C) I conducted an extensive research (to wit, googling) and found nothing about when the red lines started. I began having doubts:
• The two red lines are 2.5 meters (8 feet 2 in) apart. In light of relatively recent metrication in United Kingdom, the current set of red lines must be painted after 1965. (I am clueless about existence of red lines in ancient times. All online references talks about modern red lines, 25 m apart.).
Will Dahlgreen, Britain's Metric Muddle Not Changing Any Time Soon; For some things we use metric measurements and other things we use imperial - and in most areas the younger generations are just as confused. YouGov, June 20, 2015
https://yougov.co.uk/topics/life ... tains-metric-muddle
("In Britain, metrication was formally endorsed by the government in 1965, but the imperial system is still commonly used")
In the bottom of the home page of YouGov is a heading "COMPANY," which displays menu "About YouGov.” Click the latter shows: "YouGov is an international research data and analytics group headquartered in London."
• Palace of Westminster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster
(The current building was built after a 1834 fire destroyed the old one)
Quote: "The two red lines on the floor of the House of Commons are 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in)[51] apart, which, by apocryphal tradition, is intended to be just over two sword-lengths. It is said that the original purpose of this was to prevent disputes in the House from degenerating into duels. However, there is no record of a time when Members of Parliament were allowed to bring swords into the Chamber; historically only the Serjeant at Arms has been allowed to carry a sword as a symbol of their role in Parliament, plus Black Rod when summoning the Commons to the Lords, and there are loops of pink ribbon in the Members' cloakroom for MPs to hang up their swords before entering the Chamber. In the days when gentlemen carried swords, there were no lines in the Chamber.[134][135] Protocol dictates that MPs may not cross these lines when speaking; a Member of Parliament who violates this convention will be lambasted by opposition Members."
# serjeant-at-arm (n; North American sergeant-at-arms)
https://www.lexico.com/definition/serjeant-at-arms
# serjeant (n; etymology: "Middle English variant (commonly used in legal contexts) of sergeant"):
https://www.lexico.com/definition/serjeant
This item says that in UK, spelling of sergeant is also used.
# sergeant (n; etymology: "Middle English from Old French sergent, from Latin servient- 'serving,' from the verb servire [serve]")"
https://www.lexico.com/definition/sergeant
(ii)
(A) The Story of Churchill's Arch, International Churchill Society (ICS), undated
https://winstonchurchill.org/the ... of-churchills-arch/
("In 1940, Churchill was worried that the Chambers might be bombed while the Houses were 'sitting' and between 1940 and 1941, both Houses of Parliament took place in Church House in Westminster. * * * The Commons Chamber was bombed and the roof of Westminster Hall was set on fire. The fire service said it'd be impossible to save both, so it was decided to concentrate on saving the Hall. The Commons Chamber was entirely destroyed by the bomb and resulting fire which spread to the Members' Lobby * * * Churchill, as Prime Minister, made a plea for the bomb-damaged archway from Members Lobby into the Chamber to be retained as a reminder for future generations. The archway duly remains today and is known as the Churchill Arch. The statue of Churchill by Oscar Nemon has been placed in Members Lobby outside the arch in recognition of this")
• Church House, Westminster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_House,_Westminster
• ICS is introduced at the left lower corner of this Web page.
• Oscar Nemon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Nemon
(1906 – 1985; born Oscar Neumann in present-day Croatia (then as Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in ustro-Hungarian Empire)
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia
(1868-1918; "was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. * * * The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was ruled by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria under his title as King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia [ie, the kingdom did not have its own king]")
• Search images.google.com with (churchill's arch bombed) -- no quotation marks.
(iii) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Layout
(section 3 Interior, section 3.1 Layout
(A) A blueprint with the caption: "Layout of the principal floor (north is to the right)."
In the center of blueprint is an octagonal "Central Hall," to its right (north, in fact) are, in that order, Commons Corridor, Commons Lobby, and House of Commons.
(B) The "Westminster Hall" mentioned in (b)(ii)(A) is not "Central Hall." In this layout, Westminster Hall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa ... er#Westminster_Hall
is located at the top.
(C) Westminster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster
("The name Westminster (Old English: Westmynstre) originated from the informal description of the abbey church and royal peculiar of St Peter's (Westminster Abbey), literally West of the City of London (indeed, until the Reformation there was a reference to the 'East Minster' at Minories (Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate) east of the City) (footnote omitted)
(iv)
(A) Fred Glueckstein, Moulders of Greatness: Winston Churchill and Oscar Nemon. The Churchill Project, Hillsdale College, Aug 28, 2019
https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/nemon-sculpture/
Quote:
"The Members' Lobby in the Palace of Westminster is a gathering place for members of the House of Commons when not on the floor. Next to the main doors on either end of the Lobby are four bronze statues. They portray four prime ministers, including David Lloyd George, Clement Attlee and Margaret Thatcher. The fourth and most prominent is Sir Winston Churchill, sculpted by Oscar Nemon. This life-size bronze portrays the Prime Minister striding through the rubble of war-damaged London, hands on hips.
"The young Queen asked Churchill to select the sculptor. Churchill chose Nemon and, in November 1952, gave the sculptor two separate sittings. He was, however, an unpredictable sitter.
"Artist to Artist [which is sectional heading]: While Nemon was sculpting Churchill, the PM decided to sculpt the sculptor. Today, a small sculpted head of Oscar Nemon [photo] is in Churchill's studio at Chartwell. * * *
• Hillsdale College
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale_College
(founded in 1844 by Free-Will Baptists; private; in Hillsdale, Michigan)
• mould (vt; US mold; ultimately from Latin [noun masculine] modulus [module]): "form (an object) out of malleable material"
https://www.lexico.com/definition/mould
• Chartwell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartwell
("The earliest recorded mention of the land dates to 1362 when it was sold by a William At-Well. The origin of the name is the Chart Well, a spring to the north of the current house, Chart being an Old English word for rough ground") (citations omitted)
(B) The Members' Lobby and Churchill arch
https://www.parliament.uk/about/ ... bby-churchill-arch/
("The Members' Lobby was designed to be the working ante-room to the Commons Chamber")
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发表于 12-28-2019 12:58:12
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