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本帖最后由 choi 于 10-14-2023 12:02 编辑
Dominic Green, A Palace of Spain's Imperial Past; The vast museum, which opened in June, tells of a four-century dynastic story. Wall Street Journal, Aug 28, 2023, at page A13.
https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture ... ast-madrid-25cb7ebb
Note:
(a) Dominic Green
Dominic Green (writer and musician)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Green_(writer_and_musician)
(1970- ; "He read English Literature at St John's College, Oxford. Subsequently, he read for an AM in Jewish Studies at Harvard University, and a PhD in Comparative History at Brandeis University")
is a (British) historian, so this review (of the new museum) is about history, and not much about art.
(b) "Geography makes history. For centuries, the wall of the Pyrenees meant that Spain was of Europe but not in it. * * * Spain was ruled from 1555 to 1931 by foreign dynasties. As Austrian Habsburgs and French Bourbons * * * Madrid's Royal Palace, set on a flattened hilltop above the city like an acropolis, doubles as a museum. * * * Designed by Emilio Tuñón Álvarez and Luis Moreno García-Mansilla [both Spaniards], the new Royal Collections Gallery, which opened on June 28, buttresses the 104-foot drop where the southern edge of the palace plaza overlooks the Campo del Moro gardens. * * * Entering from the plaza, visitors [to Total Collections Gallery] descend by stone ramps to two giant exhibition halls. Each is laid out like a Roman racetrack, just over 300 feet long and only 50 feet wide, one for 'The Austrians' and one for 'The Bourbons.' "
(i) Pyrenees
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees
("The Pyrenees is a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. It extends nearly 500 km (310 mi) * * * It reaches a maximum altitude of 3,404 metres (11,168 ft) at the peak of Aneto"/ section 1 Etymology)
(ii) Royal Palace of Madrid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid
(Spanish: Palacio Real de Madrid; "is now open to the public, except during state functions")
(A) Note in this Wiki page a photo with caption: "View of Paseo Principal, part of Campo del Moro Gardens." Both adjective real and noun paseo are defined in (c) below.
(B) In this Wiki page, section 2 Exterior: "The main facade of the palace, the one facing the Plaza de la Armeria." Below on the right margin is a photo with the caption: "View from the Plaza de la Armeria"
The noun armeria is to be defined in (c). The geography about the relationship between the Royal Palace and the Plaza will be discussed in (b)(iv) below.
(iii) Royal Collections Gallery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collections_Gallery
("is located in a new building above the gardens of the Campo del Moro park and next to the Almudena Cathedral and the Royal Palace")
The en.wikipedia.org does not supply it, but the Spanish spelling of this new museum is Galería de las Colecciones Reales. This information will come in handy in Note (e)(vi)(C) below.
(A) Almudena Cathedral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almudena_Cathedral
("seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid; "When the capital of Spain was transferred from Toledo to Madrid in 1561, the seat of the Church in Spain remained in Toledo and the new capital had no cathedral. Plans for a cathedral in Madrid dedicated to the Virgin of Almudena were discussed as early as the 16th century * * * [At long last] The cathedral was completed in 1993")
(B) Virgin of Almudena
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_of_Almudena
("is a medieval statue of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ. The Virgin Mary is regarded as a patroness of Madrid, Spain, under this title. * * * Its name derives from the Arabic term Al-Mudayna, 'the citadel' ")
(iv) "Entering from the plaza, visitors descend by stone ramps to two giant exhibition halls. Each is laid out like a Roman racetrack"
(A) This "plaza" in the first clause is Plaza de la Armeria.
• You can appreciate the relative locations by searching maps.google.com with Royal Collections Gallery Madrid.
• Here is a photo from the official tourism website of Madrid Convention Bureau that shows Royal Collections Gallery in the foreground and the facade of Royal Palace in the background -- and the Plaza in between. The Campo is in the lower left corner of the photo. Looming large in the upper right corner is Cartedral de la Almudena.
[the attched jpeg "aerial photo" at teh bottom of this posting is here]
• Museo del Prado
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado
"is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid")
is 1.5 mile air-distance east of Royal Collections Gallery.
(v) Royal Collections Gallery has "two giant exhibition halls. Each is laid out like a Roman racetrack, just over 300 feet long and only 50 feet wide, one for 'The Austrians' and one for 'The Bourbons.' "
(A) culture of ancient Rome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome
(section 4 Sports and entertainment)
Unlike ancient Greeks, Roman men did not do track and field.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field
("a running track")
(B) Roman men did chariot racing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_racing
in racetrack of Roman circus.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_circus
(from Latin noun masculine circus circle [indeed the English word circle is a descendant of Latin circus]; section 1 Architectural design)
race track
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_track
(or racetrack; "is a facility built for racing of vehicles, athletes, or animals (e.g. horse racing or greyhound racing")
(c) Spanish-English dictionary:
* The Spanish adjective (masculine or feminine in each definition) real has two origins in Latin and has two meanings:
^ (from Latin [adjective masculine or feminine] realis [real], from [noun feminine] res [thing]): "real"
^ from Latin [adjective masculine or feminine] regalis regal, royal, from [noun masculine] rex [king]): "regal, royal"
* armería (noun feminine, from [noun masculine] armero [manufacturer of arms] + [suffix] -ería [turning a noun to a shop]): "armory" (The accent on i tells you that the i is stressed or accented).
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/armería
* campo (noun masculine; from Latin [noun masculine] campus wild field): "1: countryside 2: field (large open area)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/campo
* moro (noun masculine; from Latin [noun masculine] Maurus [a Moor]): "a Moor"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moro
^ Take notice that in Modern Spanish, a national does not have the first letter capitalized (eg, chino; americano), but the nation has (first letter capitalized): China (which is noun feminine, and pronounced the same as in English), America.
* paseo (noun masculine; from [verb] pasear to stroll): "1" stroll * * * 3: promenade (place where one takes a walk for leisure)"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paseo
* fuente (noun feminine; from Latin fontem, an inflection of noun masculine fons spring, fountain): "spring, fountain"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fuente
* águila (noun feminine; from Latin [noun feminine] aquila [without accent on the first a] [eagle]): "eagle"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/águila
* carroza (noun feminine; from Italian [noun feminine] carrozza [carriage]): "carriage"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carroza
(d) "After unifying Spain in the late 1400s, the 'Catholic Monarchs,' Ferdinand and Isabella, married their children into Europe's royal houses. In England, Henry VIII's dissatisfaction with their daughter Catherine [Henry VIII's first wife] precipitated the Reformation. In Austria, their Habsburg grandson Charles V ruled a vast European empire. In 1556, Charles's son became Philip II of Spain. A pious patron and imperial micromanager, Philip inherited his father's portable altar in ebony, silver and gold and a peripatetic Spanish court. The massive Flemish tapestries that subdivide 'The Austrians' were luxurious symbols: In Michel Coxcies's tapestry, Noah builds the Ark as Philip will build the empire. They also warmed his chambers in the winter."
(i) The term "Catholic Monarchs of Spain" specifically refers Ferdinand and Isabella.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain
("were Queen Isabella I of Castile (r. 1474–1504) and King Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516), whose marriage (1475) and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins [there is a Wiki page for 'cousin' -- first cousins share a same grandparent and second cousins share a same great-grandparent], being both descended from John I of Castile * * * Spain was formed as a dynastic union of two crowns rather than a unitary state, as Castile and Aragon remained separate kingdoms until the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707–16")
(A) Isabella (Spanish: Isabel)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel
("Isabel is a female name of Spanish origin. Isabelle is a name that is similar, but it is of French origin. It originates as the medieval Spanish form of Elisabeth (ultimately Hebrew Elisheba). ['Isabel' was] Arising in the 12th century")
(B) Castile (accent on the second syllable; Spanish: Castilla) means lands of castles (Spanish noun masculine castillo, plural castillos).
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/castillo
(C) Ferdinand (Spanish: Fernando)
(D) Aragon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon
(Spanish: Aragón [the difference in pronunciation between English and Spanish is the former places accent on the first syllable whereas the latter, the third and last syllable whose vowel is pronounced like the vowel in English gone]; "The name of Aragon is documented for the first time during the Early Middle Ages in the year 828, when the small County of Aragon of Frankish origin, would emerge between the rivers that bear its name, the Aragón river")
That is, County of Aragon, the forerunner of Kingdom of Aragon, got its name from the river of the same name.
(ii) How did the couple get the title?
(A) Catholic Monarchs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Catholic-Monarchs
("Catholic Monarchs, also called Catholic Kings, or Catholic Majesties, Spanish Reyes Católicos, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage (1469) led to the unification of Spain, of which they were the first monarchs. Although employed earlier, the appellation Católicos was formally conferred on them in a bull published by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, in recognition of their reconquest of Granada from the Moors (1481–92), their New World discoveries (1492), and their strengthening of the church by such agencies as the Spanish Inquisition and such measures as compelling Jews to convert to Christianity or face exile (1492). The title of Católicos was afterward transmitted to the successors of Ferdinand and Isabella")
• presently: Granada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada
("is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain"/ section 1 Etymology: from Arabic but meaning and origin uncertain)
• Emirate of Granada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada
(1230–1492; table: Capital Granada)
(B) The Catholic Kings in the History of Spain. Fundación Alguaciles (a non-profit established in Madrid in 2017), undated
https://historyofspain.es/en/vid ... e-history-of-spain/
("At the end of the middle ages, in the XV century, the Iberian peninsula was made up of the kingdoms of Portugal, Castilla, Aragon, Navarra [English: Navarre (pronunciation: e is silent)] and the Muslim kingdom of Granada")
At that time, Basque (western neighbor of Navarra, was part of Castile.
(iii) Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation
(started in Martin Luther King's 95 Theses in 1517; "The end of the Reformation era is disputed among modern scholars. * * * [At first] The English king Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) commissioned a team of theologians to defend the Catholic dogmas against Luther's attacks. Their treatise titled The Assertion of the Seven Sacraments was published under Henry's name, and the grateful Pope awarded him with the title Defender of the Faith." [But Henry VIII later wanted to annulled the marriage with Catherine (whose only child would be Mary, the future queen of England that preceded Elizabeth) and married Anne Boleyn (who would give birth to her only child Elizabeth), so the king broke with Vatican] section 8 New waves, section 8.1 English reformation under Henry VIII: 1533-1534)
(iv) Philip II of Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain
(King of Spain 1556-1598; marriage to Mary I of England (1554-1558 when she died); section 1 Early life: 1527–1544; "Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. * * * In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England * * * with the traditional Royal and Primacy seat of Toledo now essentially obsolete, he [Philip II] moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of Madrid" in 1561)
was the first -- and only surviving -- son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
(v)
(A) "Michiel Coxie" is German and Danish spellings.
(B) Michiel Coxie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiel_Coxie
(1499 – 1592; Flemish; "participated in the 'Jagiellonian tapestries' which were sold to Sigismund II Augustus for his castle on the Wawel. He created the designs for some biblical scenes including scenes from the Story of the First Parents, the Story of Noah and the Story of the Tower of Babel"))
is English spelling.
Michiel Coxie, Tapestry The Flood from the series The Story of Noah. ca. 1550. Google Arts & Culture, undated
https://artsandculture.google.co ... gFbj1lFU7Byxg?hl=en
("External Link: https://cyfrowy.wawel.krakow.pl/obiekt/6114daf070d6cc8c1206e150")
Click the link and you will find the Polish spelling: Michiel Coxcie.
(C) Sigismund II Augustus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus
(1520 – 1572; the last male monarch from the Jagiellonian dynasty)
whose father was Sigismund I. And Augustus (not his last name; Sigismund II had no last name) was a title that had been conferred to Roman emperors.
Sigismund
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund
(variants includes Sigmund [as in Sigmund Freud])
(D) Wawel Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawel_Castle
(table: Location Old Town, Kraków, Poland; "the Wawel Hill on which it * * * For centuries the residence of the kings of Poland and the symbol of Polish statehood, Wawel Castle is now one of the country's premier art museums. [The museum at Wawel Castle was] Established in 1930 * * * In 1978 Wawel was declared the first World Heritage Site as part of the Historic Centre of Kraków. * * * This limestone [which forms Wawel Hill] is strongly karsted and abounds in caves (eg the Dragon's Den—Smocza Jama). This possibly explains why the hill was originally called 'wąwel,' meaning ravine in Polish")
• Kraków
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kraków
(pronunciation)
• Kraków has the same spelling in English and Polish. "The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from Krakus, the legendary founder of Kraków." en.wikipedia.org for Kraków (section 1 Etymology). Because the person is legendary, there is no time frame of his existence on earth: it is hst a legend.
(e) "El Escorial, Philip's summer palace outside Madrid * * * [had] his reliquary collection, including a gilded fold-out miniature of the Duomo of Milan and a teak casket trimmed in mother-of-pearl from India. El Greco's 'Adoration of the Name of Jesus,' also called 'Allegory of the Holy League' (c. 1577-79), encapsulates this Hispanic mixture of piety and luxury. A tumble of bright colors carries the eye from the saints in heaven to Earth, where the pope [Pius V (with a long, flowing white beard)] blesses a kneeling, black-clad Philip for defeating the Turks. The expense of Philip's Vietnam-like entanglement with the Protestant rebels of the Netherlands broke the empire's finances. The round marble base of the Eagle Fountain (c. 1540) steers the visitor around the end of the hall and into imperial decline. The Habsburgs took it on their famously prognathous chins. Philip III (1598-1621) achieved a 20-year truce with England and spent the dividend on tapestries rather than war. Philip IV (1621-1665) posed as Hercules in his portrait by Velázquez, lost both Portugal and the Netherlands, but gained Caravaggio's 'Salome With the Head of John the Baptist' (c. 1607). Austrian Spain now resembled Velázquez's 'White Horse' (1634-38), rearing militantly with no one in the saddle. The last Habsburg, Charles II (1665-1700), is represented by his Black Carriage (c. 1670-80), an anticipation of his own funeral in ebonized walnut."
(i) El Escorial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial
(at "town of El Escorial and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King Philip II")
"Note that where the article is an integral part of the proper name, it also begins with a capital – El Escorial, La Haya, La Habana – but where the article is generally or optionally used with the name of a country, it does not begin with a capital – la India, la Argentina": from the Web.
(ii) reliquary (n)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliquary
(iii)
(A) English dictionary:
* foldout (n)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foldout
* steed (n, from Old English): "a horse used or trained for riding"
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/steed
* prognathous (adj)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prognathous
is made up of Latin prefix pro- forward and Ancient Greek noun feminine gnáthos jaw.
(B) Milan Cathedral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Cathedral
(Italian: Duomo di Milan)
(iv) Adoration of the Holy Name of Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus
(table: Location Monasterio de El Escorial, Madrid)
(v) "the pope blesses a kneeling, black-clad Philip for defeating the Turks"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain
("Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria")
(vi) "The expense of Philip's Vietnam-like entanglement with the Protestant rebels of the Netherlands broke the empire's finances. * * * Philip IV (1621-1665) posed as Hercules in his portrait by Velázquez, lost both Portugal and the Netherlands, but gained Caravaggio's 'Salome With the Head of John the Baptist' (c. 1607)."
(A) Eighty Years' War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War
(table: c. 1566/8 – 1648)
(B) In Spain, Philip II fathered Philip III, who in turn fathered Philip IV. Philip III was Philip II's second son; Philip II's first born son died before the death of Philip II
(C) Try as I may, I simply can no find "Philip IV (1621-1665) posed as Hercules in his portrait by Velázquez."
At long last I find this, and believe the reviewer, Dr Dominic Green, simply made a mistake: not Hercules but a hunter.
Velázquez, Philip IV in Hunting Dress. Museo Del Prado, undated.
https://www.museodelprado.es/en/ ... 6-8e64-f1136967ff4f
Move the white, rectangular frame down in the inset at the lower right corner to view the image.
(D) Compare
• Salome With the Head of John the Baptist (Caravaggio, Madrid)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa ... f_John_the_Baptist_(Caravaggio,_Madrid)
*table: Year c. 1609, Location Palacio Real de Madrid)
with • Salome with the Head of John the Baptist (Caravaggio, London)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa ... f_John_the_Baptist_(Caravaggio,_London)
(table: Year c. 1607, Location National Gallery, London)
Salome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome
(was "the daughter of Herod II")
(vii) "The round marble base of the Eagle Fountain (c. 1540) steers the visitor around the end of the hall and into imperial decline. The Habsburgs took it on their famously prognathous chins."
(A) Velázquez, Queen Margaret of Austria on Horseback. (c. 1635). Museo del Prado, undated
https://www.museodelprado.es/en/ ... 3-9620-88df0085cd4b
("his [Philip III's] wife, Margarita de Austria [which is Spanish spelling] (1584-1611) rides a chestnut steed [defined in Note (e)(iii)(A)] with a tranquil and unhurried gait. * * * The background [of the portrait] is recognizable as part of the gardens at the Casa de Campo, a small palace on the outskirts of Madrid whose appearance in the 17th century is known from various paintings that resemble this one. The main decorative element at that palace's gardens was the so-called Eagle Fountain (now at el Escorial) whose structure coincides with the one appearing behind Margarita de Austria")
(B) File:San Lorenzo del Escorial 1978 01.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi ... scorial_1978_01.jpg
(Description Español: la Fuente del Águila. San Lorenzo del Escorial (Madrid, España)
English: "Eagle Fountain. San Lorenzo del Escorial, Madrid, Spain
Date September 1978")
Spanish words fuente and águila re defined in Note (c).
(C) There are a lot of problems which I have solved.
• First and foremost, This WSJ review talked about Royal Collection Gallery, but Note (e)(vi)(A) and (B) deals with El Escorial, another location.
• Second, why is the Eagle Fountain called Eagle in the first place? But you notice immediately the top of Eagle Fountain in Note (e)(vi)(B) is missing.
Here are the answers.
• Fuente del Águila
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuente_del_Águila
Right click the mouse and the menu includes "Translate to English." You will learn that the fountain was made "by the Florentine sculptor Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli (1507 - 1563) * * * [The fountain was originally in] Casa de Campo in Madrid * * * for more than three centuries * * * It is currently in the Gallery of the Royal Collections in Madrid . There is a replica in San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid). The complex [ie, fountain] takes its name from the two-headed eagle that served as its crown and which probably disappeared in the 19th century. As it is one of the symbols of Charles I [of Spain and Charles V of Holy Roman Empire], for a time it was thought that the fountain could have been built in the emperor's time. Recent studies have shown that it was made during the reign of Philip [Spanish: Felipe] II")
• Velázquez, Queen Margaret of Austria on Horseback. (c. 1635). Museo del Prado, undated
https://www.museodelprado.es/en/ ... 3-9620-88df0085cd4b
does not show the fountain top clearly.
This c. 1634 oil-on-canvas painting by anonymous shows the two-headed eagle (with one pair of wings) clearly.
Anónimo, Vista de los jardines de la Casa de Campo con la estatua de Felipe III. Museo del Prado, undated.
https://www.museodelprado.es/col ... f-9596-bfff6cf6babb
(D) The clause "around the end of the hall and into imperial decline" means that The Austrians Hall ends with the outdoor Eagle Fountain, and that a visitor is about to enter the other hall: The Bourbons which spanned Spain in decline..
(E) take it on the chin
https://www.merriam-webster.com/ ... t%20on%20the%20chin
is from boxing (literally a punch on the chin), an idiom which www.etymonline.com says is from 1924.
(F) The English adjective prognathous is defined inNote(e)(iii)(A).
(vii) "Philip III ([reign] 1598-1621) achieved a 20-year truce with England"
Not 20, but 12. See Eighty Years' War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War
(section 8 Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) )
(viii) White Horse Caballo blanco. Royal Collection Gallery, undated.
https://www.galeriadelascoleccio ... 2-89e7-e59824676149
(ix) "The last Habsburg, Charles II (1665-1700), is represented by his Black Carriage (c. 1670-80), an anticipation of his own funeral in ebonized walnut."
(A) Charles II of Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain
(1661-1700; "on his [Charles II's] death in November 1700, he was succeeded by the 16-year-old Philip of Anjou [as Philip V of Spain, grandson of his elder half-sister Maria Theresa [of Spain, not of Austria; This Maria Teresa was daughter of Philip IV and his first wife Elisabeth of France] and Louis XIV. * * * Charles [II] was the only surviving son of Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria [Philip IV's second and last wife], who were uncle and niece")
(B) Carroza Negra. Patrimonio Nacional, undated.
https://www.patrimonionacional.es/en/node/441
The carroza is defined in Note (v).
(f) "Exit the morbid Baroque ['until the 1750s * * * began at the start of the 17th century in Rome': en.wikipeia.org for Baroque]. Enter the Bourbon Philip V (1700-1746), bearing * * * the plans for the Royal Palace up on the plaza. Enter also Philip's Italian wife, Elizabeth Farnese [Italian: Elisabetta Farnese, Spanish: Isabel Farnesio; the second wife of Philip V], bearing paintings by Corrado Giaquinto from Naples, Neoclassical knickknacks, Chinese lacquer, Edo and Imari jars from Japan, and also Charles III (1759-1788), who did his best to inhabit his paintings by Watteau through French-style parties at his country retreats. * * * Where other kings had nudes, Philip V hid Michel Ange Houasse's scenes of French peasant life in his cabinet [so that no others can see]. Spain was not what it was, either. In Spenglerian form, the arts ripened as the dynasty declined. The northern connection [Flander, France and Germany are northern relative to Spain] now found expression in the Classical fantasias of Anton Mengs, not the religious intensity of the Flemish weavers. Goya's patron, Charles IV (1788-1808), was chased out by Napoleon and his son Ferdinand VII restored by the British. When we see Ferdinand VII's carriage, a sporty post-Napoleonic model, we know the gilt is thinning and the end is near.
(i)
(A) Philip V of Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain
("His total reign (45 years and 26 days) is the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy, surpassing Philip II"/ section 2 War of the Spanish Succession)
(B) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid
(section 1 History of the building: "The palace was initially built by Muhammad I, Umayyad Emir of Cordoba, between 860 and 880. * * * Philip V of Bourbon renovated the royal apartments in 1700")
(ii) "Enter also Philip's Italian wife, Elizabeth Farnese, bearing paintings by Corrado Giaquinto from Naples * * * [and] Edo and Imari jars from Japan"
(A) Elizabeth Farnese
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese
(B) Corrado Giaquinto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado_Giaquinto
(1703-1766)
(C)
• Imari ware 伊万里焼
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imari_ware
• 伊万里焼
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/伊万里焼
("有田地区の製品を「有田焼」、伊万里地区の製品を「伊万里焼」")
佐賀県 Saga Prefecture has City of Imari 伊万里市
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E ... 7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%82
and Town of Arita 有田町, which are next to each other (as you can see in maps.google.com).
(iii) Charles III of Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain
("He was the fourth son of Philip V of Spain and the eldest son of Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese")
(A) Philip V's first son became, upon Philip V's abdication in favor of the son, Louis I of Spain in 1724 who died before the year end of smallpox. Philip V resumed his kingship from 1724 to his death in 1746. Philip V's second son died at age 7. Philip V's third son became Ferdinand IV of Spain 1746-1759. These three sons of Philip V were his with the first wife.
(B) Philip V's first son with the second wife (Elizabeth Farnese) became Charles III of Spain 1759-1788.
(iv) Antoine Watteau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Watteau
(1684 – 1721; French painter)
(v) Michel Ange Houasse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ange_Houasse
(French painter)
(vi) Spenglerian
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Spenglerian
is about German philosopher Oswald Spengler (1880-1936).
(viii) "the Classical fantasias of Anton Mengs"
(A) Anton Raphael Mengs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs
(1728 – 1779; German painter)
View his paintings in this Wiki page.
(B) fantasia (n): "a work (such as a poem or play) in which the author's fancy roves unrestricted"
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fantasia
(ix) Charles IV of Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain
("second son of Charles III and his wife")
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发表于 10-14-2023 11:56:07
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