Is the painting The Adoration of the Kings by Rembrandt?

choi

Colin Moynihan, A Real Rembrandt? Its New Price Tag Says Yes; A painting valued at $17,000 in 2021 recently sold for almost $14 million. New York Times, Feb 26, 2024, at page C6 (C today is "Arts" section).
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/ ... -reattribution.html

Note:
(a) Portrait of Philip IV in Fraga

(b) Rembrandt, The Presentation in the Temple with the Angel. 1630.
(i) Presentation in the Temple with the Angel (Small Plate). Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, undated
https://www.famsf.org/artworks/p ... e-angel-small-plate
("This is one of three miniature etchings made by Rembrandt in 1630 that each illustrate a scene from the infancy and childhood of Christ")

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco
(opened in 1895; public)
(A) Like ukiyo-e, many prints comes from the same etching.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching

So, many museums in the world own prints of the same etching of Rembrandt's.
(B) What are the other two etchings in 1630?

list of etchings by Rembrandt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_etchings_by_Rembrandt
(B051 Simeon's hymn of praise [The presentation in the Temple with the angel: the small plate]   1630
B066  Christ disputing with the doctors: small plate.         1630
B048         The circumcision: small plate                                About 1630)
(brackets original)

What appear in this Wiki page are among the clearest prints I see. So there is no need for you to seek netter prints.
(C) meaning of The presentation in the Temple with the angel?

The Presentation in the Temple (With the Angel). Seattle Art Museum, undated
https://art.seattleartmuseum.org ... mple-with-the-angel
("n accordance with Jewish law, the infant Jesus is presented in the temple forty days after his birth. An angel swoops in to confirm his divinity, but many in attendance remain oblivious. A crippled man hobbles away as a young girl looks on, while in the distance a crowd seeks alms from a rich man. Rembrandt emphasizes the humanity of the holy family by showing everyday life continuing around them")

Seattle Art Museum was established in 1933 and is privately owned.
(ii) What is the importance of the etching of "The Presentation in the Temple with the Angel"
(A) This NYT article in print carries a photo, whose caption reads: "Above, a reversed image of Rembrandt's 'The Presentation in the Temple with the Angel.' Sotheby's noted similarities between 'Adoration' and 'The Presentation,' such as the cramped groupings if figures in both works."

The :reversed" means left flipped to the right along an axis that splits the etching vertically through the center.
(B) Online, the NYT article does not have this photo, let alone the caption.
(C) So I will goes to the Sotheby's.

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn. Sotheby's Dec 6, 2023
https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/ ... ration-of-the-kings
("Of particular relevance to the present Adoration of the Kings is Rembrandt’s etching of The Presentation in the Temple with the Angel which is dated 1630 (B.51).[footnote 9] When reversed it becomes apparent how closely the central figure groups in each work resemble each other (fig. 11), showing the reversed etching and the painting side-by-side). The similarity between them is striking")

Rembrandt's full name is Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn.


(c) The NYT article in print also has two photos (one infrared imaging of The Adoration, the other a sketch of an old man. Both photos share the same caption: "Above, an infrared reflectogram of 'The Adoration of the Kings' and right, a detail from 'Two Studies of the Head of an Old Man,' images used in a Sotheby's catalog offering the evidence that pointed to Rembrandt painting 'Adoration.'"
(i) The print shows the right one ONLY in
https://www.wikiart.org/en/rembr ... -head-of-an-old-man
(ii) The NYT article ONLINE carries the two photos, each with its own caption that says little.   
(A) I read the Sotheby's catalog, whose comment about infrared did not say anything important to me.
(B) Sotheby's catalog said the following under the image of "Two Studies of the Head of an Old Man" (1626): "A distinctive feature of the painting is the head of Joseph, standing behind the Virgin, and in particular his angular ear painted with a single stroke of white acting as a highlight. This manner of rendering the ear is also seen in a pen and brown ink sketch of two heads of elderly men (now two sheets conjoined but probably once on a single sheet) in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, which is dated by Schatborn and others circa 1626 (fig. 22).31 The right hand of the two head studies most clearly reveals the similarity, probably because the head is angled more to its right, so the side of the head facing us is out of shadow."

I did not see significance, or similarity between The Adoration and "Two Studies of the Head of an Old Man" However, now I know the woman with back facing us (perhaps kneeling) is Virgin, and her husband, the old man of Joseph with long beard, isslightly behind but mostly to her right -- seated with his left arm cradling Christ. (I simply do not think his head look like the right one in ""Two Studies of the Head of an Old Man."


(d) You need not read the NYT article (reproduced below), except the preambles (consisting of the first five paragraphs in large print) and the first three paragraph of section 1 whose heading is "Reattributions happen."
(i) Paragraphs 1 and 2 tell us that in the 2021 auction by Christie's, the auction house estimated the painting The Adoration would sell $17,000, but the final bid was $992,000.
(ii) "In 1973, for example, the Metropolitan Museum of Art reattributed about 300 paintings, roughly 15 percent of those in its European collection. One of the downgraded was a portrait of Philip IV that had been listed as a Velásquez. Nearly 40 years later [2010], the museum changed its mind and switched the attribution back to Velázquez, saying a cleaning revealed unmistakable characteristics of the artist's technique. The painting was hung, once again, among other old masters."
(A) Velázquez, Philip IV (1605–1665), King of Spain. probably 1624. The Met, undated.
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437873
(B) Spanish Armada (1588) happened under teh guidance of Philip II of Spain.
(C) Michael Gallagher, Velázquez's Philip IV in the Metropolitan Museum. Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 45 (2010)
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/me ... m_Journal_v_45_2010
dealt with the rec-classification. I took a glance and it is too deep for me.

-------------------------------NYT
In 2021, Christie’s put “The Adoration of the Kings,” a 17th century painting, up for sale. It identified the dark-hued Nativity scene as by an artist associated with Rembrandt.
ESTIMATED VALUE: $17,000

But some bidders thought the painting, no bigger than a sheet of paper, was an undiscovered treasure that might actually be by Rembrandt.
SALE PRICE: $992,000

Two months ago — just two years after the last sale — the painting was auctioned again, this time at Sotheby’s. It was listed as by Rembrandt himself, and the price soared.
SALE PRICE: $13.8 MILLION

The meteoric escalation in value is striking evidence of just how much authenticity (who is said to have made a work) matters more than aesthetics (what it looks like) when it comes to predicting what a painting might be worth.

It is also a reminder of the power of connoisseurs. The dramatic change in value came about only because some experts decided the painting was by Rembrandt. But even today, others are not convinced that “The Adoration of the Kings” is really by the master.

Reattributions happen
In 1973, for example, the Metropolitan Museum of Art reattributed about 300 paintings, roughly 15 percent of those in its European collection. One of the downgraded was a portrait of Philip IV that had been listed as a Velásquez. Nearly 40 years later, the museum changed its mind and switched the attribution back to Velázquez, saying a cleaning revealed unmistakable characteristics of the artist’s technique. The painting was hung, once again, among other old masters.

But when attributions change, often so do values. For example, when the “Salvator Mundi,” a portrait of Christ that had been cataloged since 1900 as by an artist who worked in Leonardo da Vinci’s studio, was sold in the mid-2000s, the price was less than $10,000. Reattributed to da Vinci, it sold in 2013 for $83 million and then again for $127.5 million. Although some experts still harbored doubts about its authenticity, the painting set an auction record in 2017, selling for $450.3 million after an intensive marketing campaign by Christie’s.

“Adoration,” thought to have been painted around 1628, has at various times in its 400-year life been viewed as a work by Rembrandt. In its catalog, Sotheby’s noted that the work was described in 1822 as “an extraordinary fine specimen of the master,” and it was exhibited as a Rembrandt in the 1950s.

But Rembrandt’s authorship was contested in 1960 by a German art historian, Kurt Bauch. (Sotheby’s said he had only looked at a photograph of the painting.) Three years later, it was offered for sale by Sotheby’s as a Rembrandt but went unsold. In 1985, the painting came back on the market, at Christies, and this time it was sold — but only as a work from the “circle” of Rembrandt.

It was still viewed as “circle” of Rembrandt in 2021, when Christie’s put the work up for sale in Amsterdam. In the Christie’s catalog, the Dutch curator Christiaan Vogelaar said “Adoration” recalled the work of both Willem de Poorter, believed by some to have been an apprentice to Rembrandt, and Jan Adriaensz van Staveren. Bidders, though, clearly thought it could be by the master, and the price rose to 860,000 euros, or $992,000.

But is it really a Rembrandt?  [In print, the sectional heading is "A Question of Authenticity"
Sotheby’s devoted a 62-page catalog just to “Adoration,” and detailed its rigorous, 20-month-long effort that led to the reattribution, including X-ray analysis and infrared imaging. The auction house thanked seven experts who had viewed the painting and shared their thoughts.

But on the day of the sale, Jorgen Wadum, who worked at the Mauritshuis in The Hague and was the head of conservation at the national gallery of Denmark, sent a letter to Sotheby’s that noted “significant discrepancies” between “Adoration” and “early and authenticated Rembrandt paintings.” The letter was endorsed by a Rembrandt specialist and a conservator who is a specialist in 16th and 17th century works.

Christie’s has also stood by its attribution of “Adoration,” which it said was based on consultations with “leading independent Rembrandt experts.”

“It was not accepted as being an autograph work and was offered accordingly as from the circle of Rembrandt,” Christie’s said in a statement. “We understand that this remains the prevailing view.”

But on the day of the sale, Jorgen Wadum, who worked at the Mauritshuis in The Hague and was the head of conservation at the national gallery of Denmark, sent a letter to Sotheby’s that noted “significant discrepancies” between “Adoration” and “early and authenticated Rembrandt paintings.” The letter was endorsed by a Rembrandt specialist and a conservator who is a specialist in 16th and 17th century works.

Christie’s has also stood by its attribution of “Adoration,” which it said was based on consultations with “leading independent Rembrandt experts.”

“It was not accepted as being an autograph work and was offered accordingly as from the circle of Rembrandt,” Christie’s said in a statement. “We understand that this remains the prevailing view.”

The Case for Rembrandt
One of the experts who advised Sotheby’s, Volker Manuth, said he looked at “Adoration” over four days and became convinced it was by Rembrandt. He pointed to elements in the painting that he said show the Dutch master’s ability to add context to a moment in time.

For instance, Manuth said, a spade in the foreground of “Adoration” foreshadows a moment in the Bible in which Mary Magdalene sees Jesus just before his ascension and believes he is a gardener.

“He is including part of the end as well as the beginning of the whole story,” Manuth said of the artist.

Sotheby’s cited many pieces of evidence in its catalog, including similarities between “Adoration” and a 1630 etching by Rembrandt, “The Presentation in the Temple With the Angel,” such as the cramped grouping of figures in both works.

The auction house also pointed to how Joseph’s ear in “Adoration” — “painted with a single stroke of white acting as a highlight” — resembles the ear in a Rembrandt sketch owned by the J. Paul Getty Museum.

Another of the experts, Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., former curator of northern Baroque paintings at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, said in an interview that he had been quickly convinced of Rembrandt’s authorship.

“I thought that the light elements in the painting and the way it flowed in made a lot of sense in terms of the way Rembrandt was working,” Wheelock said.

The art world relies on experts with a special form of discernment sometimes referred to as “a good eye.” That ability is often attributed to rigorous scholarship, familiarity with a large number of works and intuitive feel. Although it has come to include technology like X-rays, connoisseurship is subjective and opinions are often not uniform.

“The ballooning Rembrandt oeuvre is a good example of the extremes of connoisseurs’ views,” Bendor Grosvenor, a British art dealer and historian, wrote in 2012. “Over a thousand works were attributed to him in the 19th century, but that fell to about 350 at one point in the 20th century.”

For decades, the last word on Rembrandt attributions was Ernst van de Wetering, the longtime chairman of the Rembrandt Research Project. The project produced a six-volume catalogue raisonné of the artist’s work that is widely seen as authoritative. It does not include “Adoration.” Some experts say van de Wetering’s death in 2021 opened the door for other opinions.

Last year, Christie’s sold two works after new research by the Rijksmuseum attributed them to Rembrandt. In a lengthy article, the Dutch newspaper NRC reported concerns about the attributions of those works as well as “Adoration.”

Debates over Rembrandt’s authorship have long existed, said Anna Tummers, a professor at Ghent University in Belgium, who wrote “The Eye of the Connoisseur: Authenticating Paintings by Rembrandt and His Contemporaries.” She noted, though, that van de Wetering’s death had left “a bit of a void.”

When such an important expert is out of the way “auction houses see more opportunities,” Tummers said in an interview.

The Case Against
In his letter questioning the attribution, Wadum cited a number of reasons why he did not think the painting had been created by Rembrandt.

For one, he said the way the paint was applied in “Adoration” was not typical of the way the young Rembrandt built up paint, citing multiple examples.

Lines in a part of “Adoration” that Sotheby’s had described as “marked out rapidly with a sharp point,” were too straight and edgy, he argued, and lacked “the small curls or hooks seen repeatedly in Rembrandt’s scratches — and drawings.”

Wadum also focused on the robes worn by the three kings.

The robe of the king furthest to the right, he said, “exhibits numerous white splotchy reflections, bordering on being excessive—almost uncomfortably reminiscent of Rembrandt.”

“The technique and application of paint suggest an artist working in the style of Rembrandt, yet constructing the scene differently,” he wrote, placing figures, not as he painted, but in preconceived spots.

When “Adoration” went to auction in December, it was listed by Sotheby’s as having a guaranteed price, meaning someone had already agreed to pay a minimum amount, if the bidding did not top it.

As it turned out, no one bid, and the painting was awarded to the unnamed guarantor at the price of $13.8 million.

George Gordon, co-chair of the auction house’s worldwide old masters department, said the lack of bids did not diminish his confidence in the Rembrandt attribution.

He provided a copy of the letter he had recently addressed to Wadum, the dissenter.

“I note that you find this painting to be ‘almost uncomfortably reminiscent of Rembrandt,’” Gordon wrote. “Has it not occurred to you that the most likely explanation for this phenomenon is that he painted it?”