听众信箱：庚子赔款与中国教育

choi

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

VOA Chinese, Mar. 27, 2010.
http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/china/20100327-BOXER-INDEMNITY-MODERN-EDUCATION-CHINA-89323297.html

Note:
(1) Boxer rebellion 义和拳运动
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_rebellion
("China was fined war reparations of 450,000,000 tael of fine silver (1 tael
= 1.2 troy ounces) for the loss that it caused. The reparation would be
paid within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interests (4
percent per year) included. To help meet the payment it was agreed to
increase the existing tariff from an actual 3.18 percent to 5 percent, and
to tax hitherto duty-free merchandise. The sum of reparation was estimated
by the Chinese population (roughly 450 million in 1900), to let each Chinese
pay one tael. Chinese custom income and salt tax were enlisted as guarantee
of the reparation. Russia got 30 percent of the reparation, Germany 20
percent, France 15.75 percent, Britain 11.25 percent, Japan 7.7 percent and
the US share was 7 percent. China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901
to 1939.")

(2) 辛丑条约 Boxer Protocol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Protocol
("The full name of the protocol is: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherland, Russia, Spain, United
States and China —Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of
1900, reflecting its nature as a diplomatic protocol rather than a peace
treaty at the time of signature.")

A recent protocol of note is Kyoto Protocol.

The VOA report states 《解决1900年动乱最后议定书》, which is the last part
of the full name.

(3) The report also states 中国成立外务部，“班列六部之前.”

Article XII (12) of Boxer Protocol in part: "An Imperial Edict of the 24th
July, 1901, reformed the Office of Foreign Affairs, Tsung-li Yamen, on the
lines indicated by the Powers, that is to say, transformed it into a
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wai Wu Pu, which takes precedence over the six
other Ministries of State; the same Edict appointed the principal Members of
this Ministry. An agreement has also been reached concerning the
modification of Court ceremonial as regards the reception of foreign
Representatives * * * Finally, it is expressly understood that as regards
the declarations specified above and the annexed documents originating with
the foreign Plenipotentiaries, the French text only is authoritative."
http://www.china1900.info/ereignisse/boxerprotokoll.htm


* 總理各國事務衙門
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E8%A1%99%E9%96%80

Quote:

"總理各國事務衙門，簡稱總理衙門，是清朝後期自強運動中所設立的一個掌理外交的
衙門機構。

"缺乏正式外交機構，為西方國家所不滿，在英法聯軍之後的《北京條約》中，要求公
使進駐北京，使清朝開始需要面對新的外交形勢，而成立新的外交機構，1861年1月11
日，恭親王奕訢與文祥上奏〈統籌全局酌擬善後章程〉，即提出要設立新的外交機構來
處理新的外交事務。於是在3月11日正式成立，位置在北京東堂子衚衕，它是自強運動
中最早成立的一個機構。

(4) 天朝 Celestial Dynasty/Celestial Empire
(5) John Hay
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay
(secretary of state from 1898 to 1905, under both Pres. William McKinley (in
office: Mar. 4, 1897 to Sept. 14, 1901, assassinated) and Pres. Theodore
Roosevelt; advocated Open Door Policy of China)

(6) Elihu Root
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root
(secretary of state from 1905 to Jan. 27, 1909, under Pres.     Theodore
Roosevelt)

(7) The report then says, "1949年，中国大陆政权易手，国民党退守台湾。在台湾
新竹成立的清华大学用的是源自庚子赔款的基金。"

(8) 戊戌变法/百日维新 Hundred Days' Reform
(9) 燕京大學 Yenching University
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenching_University
("Yenching is an alternative name of Beijing (Peking) - derived from its
status as capital of Yan state, one of the seven Warring States from 5th
century BC to 3rd century BC")

--