Marble sculpture 'Dying Gaul' on Display at DC, From Rome

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Kelly Crow, A Dying Gaul Goes to Washington. Wall Street Journal, Dec 13, 2013.
online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303932504579254550747300582
(The Dying Gaul; An ancient Roman masterpiece from the Capitoline Museum, Rome. National Gallery of Art, until Mar 16, 2014)

Note:
(a) "this roughly 2,000-year-old marble figure of a fatally wounded soldier ranks alongside Michelangelo's 'David' and the Greek 'Winged Victory of Samothrace' as one of the best-known sculptures in art history."

Winged Victory of Samothrace
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace

(b) "This Gaul, or Celt, is actually a Roman copy of a lost bronze made in the third century BC to celebrate a Greek victory over some invading Galatians in what is now Turkey."
(i) Attalus I
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalus_I
(269-197 BC; ruled Pergamon (what is now Bergama, Turkey); section 2 Defeat of the Galatians)
(ii)
(A) Bergama
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergama
(section 1 Name: its ancient predecessor Pergamon)
(B) parchment (n): " * * * from Late Greek pergamenon 'of Pergamon,' from Pergamon 'Pergamum' (modern Bergama), city in Mysia in Asia Minor where parchment supposedly first was adopted as a substitute for papyrus, 2c. BCE * * *"
Online Etymology Dictionary, undated.
www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=parchment
(C) Galatia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatia
(Galatia was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace (cf. Tylis), who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC)
(D) Galatian (n): "from Galatia, region in Asia Minor, from Greek Galatia, based on Gaul, in reference to the Gaulish people who conquered the region and settled there 3c. BCE"
Online Etymology Dictionary, undated.
www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Galatians

(c) "It helps to remember who the Gauls were. A sprawling Celtic tribe known for fighting in the nude, they had settled across much of Europe. They got as far east as Pergamon in Anatolia (now Turkey) before being shut down by the Pergamese king Attalus I around 228 BC. Feeling triumphant, he commissioned a series of bronze statues depicting his enemy in poses of defeat."
(i) Celts
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt

Quote:

"this Celtic culture had expanded by diffusion or migration to * * * following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC, as far east as central Anatolia (Galatians)."

"By the mid 1st millennium AD, with the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations (Migration Period) of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture and Insular Celtic had become restricted to Ireland, the western and northern parts of Great Britain (Wales, Scotland, and Cornwall), the Isle of Man, and Brittany.

"The first recorded use of the word Celts (Κελτοί) to refer to an ethnic group was by Hecataeus of Miletus, the Greek geographer, in 517 BC, when writing about a people living near 'Massilia' (Marseille).

"Celt is a modern English word; its first attested use is in 1707 * * * The English form Gaul (first recorded in the 17th century)

(ii) Celt. Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101704/Celt
(The oldest archaeological evidence of the Celts comes from Hallstatt, Austria, near Salzburg. Excavated graves of chieftains there, dating from about 700 bc, exhibit an Iron Age culture (one of the first in Europe) * * * iron, one of the reasons for their own overlordship")
(iii) Hallstatt. Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252889/Hallstatt
("During excavation between 1846 and 1899, more than 2,000 graves were found at Hallstatt. The majority fall into two groups, an earlier (c 1100/1000 to c 800/700 bc) and a later (c 800/700 to 450 bc). Near the cemetery was a prehistoric salt mine; because of the preservative nature of the salt, implements, parts of clothing, and even the bodies of the miners themselves have been discovered")
(iv) Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESC), undated
whc.unesco.org/en/list/806
("the town of Hallstatt, a name meaning salt settlement that testifies to its primary function")
(v) Lanzababy and czernyst, Hallstatt - The Oldest Salt Mine in the World. BBC, Apr 6, 2010 (h2g2 Guide)
www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A61943493
("The Hallstatt Salt Mine lies on the mountain a couple of hundred metres in height above the present-day village of Hallstatt. * * * The name of the village of Hallstatt derives from hall, the Celtic word for salt. The Celts were the first to start the lucrative industry of salt mining in about 4,500 BC to obtain this 'white gold.' The village gave its name to the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture which lasted from about 1,500 to 500 BC and spread from Hallstatt throughout Central Europe. * * * Originally, and up until the Middle Ages, the salt was mined as 'rock salt' and was traditionally hewn into the shape of hearts. Later, brine extraction was introduced. Fresh spring water was introduced into the mine, the salt from the rocks dissolved in the water and the salty water (brine) was then removed from the mine")
(vi) stadt (noun feminine, from Old High German  stat; homophone: statt):
"German: town, city"
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Stadt

(d) "To ancient Romans, with their short, Caesar hairdos and clean-shaven faces, this Galatian man must have smacked of the barbaric (or at least exotic) with his shaggy hair, thick eyebrows[, mustache] and nose that looks as if it had been punched out of alignment. His face doesn't conform to the symmetrical ideal hailed by both Greeks and Romans."

list of hairstyles
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hairstyles
(Caesar cut)

(e) "Experts now think the Gaul's stubby dreadlocks were once a foot longer, but he was given a haircut after being discovered in the 17th century. 'He basically had on a fright wig,' said Andrew Stewart, a professor of ancient Mediterranean art and archaeology at the University of California Berkeley."
(i) fright-wig (n; First Known Use 1925-1930):
"a wig of wild, unruly hair, especially hair projecting outward in all directions, as worn by some clowns and comedians to give a comic effect of extreme fright or excitement"
Random House Dictionary, undated
dictionary.reference.com/browse/fright-wig
(ii) One may go to images.google.com. One example is that of promoter Don King.

(f) "Two years ago, the Gaul's story took another twist after an Italian team led by Donato Attanasio, a retired chemist who specializes in marble provenance, came up with a well-received theory that the piece had been carved from a block of fine-grained Docimium marble.  Before that, scholars had been floating the notion that the Gaul had been carved in the 1st century BC from marble found in the same Pergamese kingdom where its bronze original had been cast. Yet the Pergamese never used Docimium, which was quarried in western Turkey, but used almost singularly by sculptors working in Rome during and after Julius Caesar's day, Mr Attanasio said. The finding is significant because marble statues, unlike most paintings, are rarely signed by their makers, and the material they are made from—rock—cannot be carbon dated. Instead, art historians rely on stylistic clues and ownership records—and the Gaul has those aplenty."
(i) The Spanish male given name Donato (female: Donata) was from Roman name Donatus, meaning "given [by God]."
(ii) Docimium
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docimium
(The exact site of Docimium was a matter of some dispute until recently; it is now fixed at the modern Turkish town İscehisar, in Afyonkarahisar Province)

(g) "In all likelihood, Caesar took the bronze to Rome around 43 BC., said Claudio Parisi Presicce, director of the Capitoline Museum, which owns the 'Dying Gaul' today. One way to tell: Its marble copy was unearthed around 1621 to 1623 on land Caesar had owned in what is now the Via Veneto area of Rome, said Mr Presicce. The bronze original was likely melted down to make weapons, he added. Word about its discovery spread quickly across Baroque Europe, fueled in part by the fact it was found on the grounds of the pope's art-collecting nephew Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi. The cardinal knew he had found an icon"
(i) Via Veneto
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Veneto
(After the First World War the [street] name was changed to commemorate the Battle of Vittorio Veneto)
(ii) via
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/via
(English preposition, from Latin via "road;" Italian noun feminine, defined as "road, street")
(iii) Battle of Vittorio Veneto
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto
(Oct 24-Nov 3, 1918; Location  Vittorio [in Veneto region], Kingdom of Italy; Result  Decisive Italian victory, End of the Austro-Hungarian Empire)
(iv) Ludovico Ludovisi
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi
(1595-1632)
(v) Ludovico/Lodovico are Italian variants of German Ludwig
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_(given_name)

Ludwig also begot Louis (in English and French) and Luis (in Spanish).

The Italian surname Ludovisi means son of Ludovico.


(h) "In 1736, the pope bought the marble 'Gaul' for the Capitoline Museum—where it stayed until Napoleon looted it for the Louvre in 1797. After the Capitoline got it back in 1816, curators were loath to let it go [until now]."
(i) Capitoline Museums
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Museums
(on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome; The history of the museums can be traced to 1471, when Pope Sixtus IV donated a collection of important ancient bronzes to the people of Rome and located them on Capitoline Hill)
(ii) Capitoline Hill
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Hill
(one of the seven hills of Rome; Latin: Collis Capitōlīnus; legend starts with the recovery of a human skull (the word for head in Latin is caput) when foundation trenches were being dug for the Temple of Jupiter at Tarquin's order (Tarquin--Tarquinius in Latin--was Rome 7th and last king (535–496 BC))