新书：'自古以来' 南中国海主权并不存在

choi

VOA Chinese, Apr 10, 2015.
www.voachinese.com/content/south ... 150410/2715106.html

Quote:

"海顿表示，从1630到1830年，西方绘制的南中国海地图显示，南中国海的那些群岛并不存在。而 '1897年广东省的地图上没有这些岛屿。那时中国并不在乎南中国海。'  海顿说，自古以来，实际上南中国海是个无人治理的海域 * * * 它被渔民和海盗占领。 * * * 海顿说，直到19世纪初，英国海军才证明了南中国海群岛的存在。在他看来，南中国海大大小小岛屿的中文名字不过是对英国海军先驱的纪念。

"中国政府首次给予南中国海岛屿中文名字是1935年，而这些中文名字都是英文原名的意译或音译。海顿说：“西沙群岛的金银岛，不是‘钱’的意思，它是根据孟买海事警察，即东印度公司海军的负责人William Taylor Money的名字命名的。”

"海顿还发现，所谓 '中国领土的最南端——曾母暗沙，' 作为领土并不存在。他说，'现在James Shoal叫 "曾母暗沙，" 暗沙就是礁。但1935给它的名字是 "曾母滩，" 滩是沙滩，是可以在上面行走的。'  他说  'Shoal是个很怪的词，英文意思是 "浅，" 当时中国政府的地图审查委员会没有把它翻译为礁，而是翻成了沙滩，因此，假定它是领土形态。'  但是海顿说，'你可以看到在1936年的地图上把它画作岛，但其实不是岛。中国政府当时无人到过那里。之所以会把它当作岛，因为是从英国制作的地图上翻译过来的，但翻错了，把它变成了岛屿。一直到1947年，才改成曾母暗沙。而‘曾母’就是英文James的音译，不是中文名字。这就是为什么U字形（九段线）底部来到这里，原因是1935年的翻译错误。'

Note:
(a) "原BBC记者比尔•海顿的新书《南中国海——亚洲权力之争》"

Bill Hayton, The South China Sea; The struggle for power in Asia. Yale University Press, Oct 28, 2014.
yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300186833
(b) MONEY, William Taylor (1769-1834), of Walthamstow, Essex. In R Thorne (ed), The History of Parliament; the House of Commons 1790-1820. Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1986
www.historyofparliamentonline.or ... am-taylor-1769-1834
("Offices Held: Capt. E.I. Co. navy 1793-1801" among others)

spelled out: Captain, East India Company navy 1793-1801

(c) "海顿表示，'1935年Scarborough Shoal 被翻成中文 "斯卡巴洛礁，" 1947中华民国政府将其改为"民主岛，" 而现在的黄岩岛是1983年中华人民共和国政府再改的，并非自古以来的名字。'  * * * 1935年中国政府绘制了第一张南中国海地图，当时的南沙群岛 [Spratly Islands] 在现在的黄岩岛的位置，到1947年才 [南] 移到了现在的位置。" (due to ignorance of ROC)
(i) Scarborough Shoal
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal
(The shoal was named after an East India Company tea-clipper which was wrecked on one of its rocks on Sept 12, 1784; The shoal's highest point, South Rock, measures 1.8 m (5.9 ft) above water during high tide)
(ii) Spratly Islands
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands
(Named after the 19th-century British whaling captain Richard Spratly who sighted Spratly Island [Chinese: 南威島] in 1843)

(d) "海顿 * * * 说，'现在James Shoal叫 "曾母暗沙，" 暗沙就是礁。但1935给它的名字是 "曾母滩，" 滩是沙滩，是可以在上面行走的。'  他说  'Shoal是个很怪的词，英文意思是 "浅" '
(i)
(A) James Shoal
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shoal
("with a depth of 22 metres (72 ft) [underwater]")

Quote:

"James Shoal, along with its two nearby features, Parsons’ Shoal and Lydie Shoal, were discovered by the British in the early 19th Century via many of its surveys. James Shoal first appeared on the British Admiralty Chart in the 1870s. China renamed the feature as Tseng Mu Reef circa 1947/1948 (1912 in some documents), when it published the nine-dash line.

"the shoal is 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the Malaysian [Borneo] coast and about 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) from the Chinese mainland. Geographically, it sits south of the Spratly Islands, but is sometimes grouped with them as part of international disputes over sovereignty in the South China Sea.

(B) Bill Hayton, The South China Sea. Yale University Press, 2014 at page 116
books.google.com/books?id=01FmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=James+Shoal+underwater&source=bl&ots=9eKAjLZr8-&sig=HZN5f4LadKirsPCdqBMT7eETQow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vnsoVenNOIOUNtWQgLgB&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=James Shoal underwater&f=false
("As we saw in Chapter 2, the highest point of James Shoal is a full 22 metres below the sea and its status as the 'souterhnmost point of Chinese territory' is probably derived from a translation mistake by a Chinese government committee in 1935")
(ii) shoal (n): "'place of shallow water,' c 1300, from Old English schealde (adj), from sceald 'shallow' "
www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=shoal