Aboriginal Australians' Genetic Heritage

choi

Rosie Mestel, DNA Study Sheds Light on Aboriginal Australians' Heritage; Researchers turn up evidence of interbreeding between native Australians and people who came from India. Los Angeles Times, Jan 15, 2013.
http://www.latimes.com/news/scie ... -migration-20130115,0,2393922.story

Note:
(a) The report says, "They found, for example, that aboriginal Australians, Papua New Guinea highlanders and the Mamanwa people from the Philippines were genetically closest to each other and diverged about 36,000 years ago."
(i) New Guinea Highlands
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands
(ii) Highlands (Papua New Guinea)
http://wikitravel.org/en/Highlands_(Papua_New_Guinea)
(The Highlands has the most people of all of Papua New Guinea)
(iii) Lumad peoples
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad_peoples
("The Lumad is a group of indigenous people of the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning 'native' or 'indigenous'"; section 2.7 Mamanwa)

(b) The report then says, "A child born of an Aborigine and an Indian would carry in his or her genome an entire, unbroken stretch of each chromosome, one from each parent. But with each generation, those two chromosomes swap bits and pieces with each other."

A human has 23 pairs of chromosomes. For each pair, one come from father and the other, from mother. Naturally the two within each pair are very similar to each other than they would the other 22 pairs. During mitosis 有絲分裂 and meiosis 減數分裂, the pair is linked through centromere 著絲點. It is during this time, the two in a pair randomly exchanges pieces (of random length in a random location).

(c) Linguistically speaking, aboriginals in Taiwan are different from those in Australia (but very close to those in New Zealand).
(d) The report is based on

Pugach I et al, Genome-Wide Data Substantiate Holocene Gene Flow From India to Australia. Proc Nat Acad Sci, Published online before print January 14, 2013.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/01/09/1211927110.abstract

* Holocene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene
(a geological epoch; 11,700 years ago to the present; Its name comes from the Greek words ὅλος (holos, whole or entire) and καινός (kainos, new), meaning "entirely recent")

choi

(1) Sorry, I made an mistake when I wrote last night: "During mitosis 有絲分裂 and meiosis 減數分裂, the pair is linked through centromere 著絲點. It is during this time, the two in a pair randomly exchanges pieces (of random length in a random location)."
(2)  It should be:

"During meiosis 減數分裂 (but not mitosis 有絲分裂), the pair is linked through centromere 著絲點. It is during this time, the two in a pair randomly exchanges pieces (of random length in a random location)."
(3) Only in meiosis will the paternal and maternal chromosomes linked. In mitosis, they do not meet.