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The making of America | March of history; An uncomfortable account of how Hispanic immigrants shaped America. Economist, Jan 25, 2014
www.economist.com/news/books-and ... erica-march-history
(book review on Felipe Fernández- Armesto, Our America; A Hispanic history of the United States. WW Norton, 2013)
Quote:
"The book takes aim at the founding myths of America that run exclusively from east to west. Those myths begin with ocean-crossings by pious, liberty-loving Englishmen. * * * The book sets out to show how such tales ignore a parallel history of America that runs from south to north, embraces different values and has—for unbroken centuries—spoken Spanish. With startling facts and jaw-dropping tales of courage and depravity, the author triumphantly rescues Hispanic America from obscurity.
Note:
(a) "The rising superpower had just seized a colony far older than any English settlement on the North American mainland. The island of Puerto Rico became Spanish in 1508, almost a century before English buccaneer-adventurers splashed ashore at Jamestown in Virginia. Not only that, but settlements like Jamestown—a fortified trading-post, built explicitly for profit—had been founded in conscious imitation of Spanish colonial practices in the Americas, says the author, Felipe Fernández-Armesto, a British academic based at Notre Dame University in Indiana."
(i) Puerto Rico
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico
(Spanish for "rich port;" Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on Nov 19, 1493, named the present-day capital [San Juan, honoring John the Baptist] Ciudad de Puerto Rico (English: Puerto Rico City); "Juan Ponce de León, a lieutenant under Columbus, founded the first Spanish settlement, Caparra, on August 8, 1508. He later served as the first governor of the island"/ Eventually, traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico)
* Spanish noun masculine puerto and English bnoun port both are derived from Latin portus "port."
* The Spanish and French surname Ponce: "ultimately from Pontius, a Roman family name of uncertain origin"
(ii) Jamestown, Virginia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia
(section 1.1 Arrival and early years (1607-1610): English entrepreneurs set sail with a charter from the Virginia Company of London; they named [James Ford and] James River in honor of their king, James I of England)
* I have no idea why The Economist, or Felipe Fernández-Armesto, calls the pioneers "buccaneer-adventurers." A buccaneer is a pirate.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer
(iii)
(A) Felipe Fernández-Armesto
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto
("born [1950] in London, his father was the Spanish journalist Felipe Fernández Armesto and his mother was Betty Millan de Fernandez-Armesto, a British-born journalist;" Fernández-Armesto gained media attention in 2007 for his alleged brutalising by five policemen in Atlanta, Georgia, as a result of jaywalking)
(B) His mother's maiden name is Millan (Irish, shortened from McMillan) or Millán (Spanish).
Spanish naming customs
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs
(introduction; section 1.2.3 Marriage)
(C) Felipe Fernández- Armesto. Universitat de Barcelona (UB), undated
www.ub.edu/geocrit/armesto.htm
(married Lesley Patricia Hook 1977)
(b) "Spanish conquistadors brought horses to the Great Plains as early as 1540, showing native Americans in present-day Kansas how horsemen with spears could kill 500 buffalo in a fortnight. By 1630 a Franciscan mission in New Mexico claimed to have baptised 86,000 Indians in one summer. To repel French, British and Russian rivals, Spain built forts from Florida to the north-western coasts of what is today British Columbia. Catholic missions ran vast cattle ranches and planted California’s first citrus groves and vines. It was not just the French who helped George Washington’s armies defeat the British crown. Spanish forces harried the redcoats from Florida to Michigan, the book records, while Spanish gold bankrolled the siege at Yorktown (the newly founded town of Los Angeles, a continent away, sent $15 for the war effort)."
(i) indigenous peoples of the Americas
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
(The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7,500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America)
(iii) Spanish missions in New Mexico
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico
(iv) Roger E Hernández, New Spain: 1600-1760s; Hispanic America. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 2008, at page 20
books.google.com/books?id=KYu1XGKTMjwC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=1630+mission++New+Mexico+baptised+86,000+Indians&source=bl&ots=izVksszW7j&sig=ZdODIGBibrBjbWOVerb0pz3KUF4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G1PkUrzSL_PisASsgIG4Cw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=1630%20mission%20%20New%20Mexico%20baptised%2086%2C000%20Indians&f=false
("A friar named Alonso de Benavides [c 1578-1635; Portuguese], chief of Santa Fe missions when Fray Esteban and his fellow priests arrived, later traveled to Spain and wrote of the progress his fellow Franciscans had made. In a report published in 1630m he claimed that 86,000 American Indians had been baptized in New Mesico, among them not only the Pueblo, but also the Navojo and the Apache, Fray insisted that the conversions were voluntary, and that violence was not used as it had been when Coronado had explored the area nearly a century earlier. Instaed, he said, divine miracles witnessed by American Indians--for instance, a cross that restored eyesight to a blind boy and holy waterthat revived a baby--convinced them to convert of their own free will")
(v) For Spain's wr efforts in American Revolution, see the following posting.
(vi) "the newly founded town of Los Angeles, a continent away, sent $15 for the war effort"
Los Angeles
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_angeles
(Los Angeles was founded on Sept 4, 1781[weeks before Siege of Yorktown], by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico [from Spain] in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence")
(c) "Spanish rule was often pretty sketchy. One 18th-century frontier governor was a friendly Apache chief, while Spain’s agent in the Upper Missouri was a mystic from Wales, hunting for the Welsh-speaking descendants of a prince who, myth had it, crossed the Atlantic to escape the English 600 years earlier."
* New Spain
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain
(New Spain was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521)
Quote: "Following the French and Indian War/Seven Years War, the British troops invaded and captured the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines in 1762. The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Spain control over the New France Louisiana Territory including New Orleans, Louisiana creating a Spanish empire that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, but Spain also ceded Florida to Great Britain to regain Cuba, which the British occupied during the war.
(d) "But the book makes a case that a rough-hewn paternalist pragmatism mostly prevailed in Hispanic America. Slavery was shunned (and in 1821 outlawed by newly-independent Mexico). Spanish officials treated slavery as a crime, and worse as a mistake: far easier to buy off natives with axes, copper kettles, food and dependence-inducing rum. * * * The war of Texan independence [Oct 2, 1835 – Apr 21, 1836] involved much daring, but was also explicitly motivated by the desire to escape Mexico’s laws against slavery: Anglo settlers were anxious to import black slaves to pick cotton. The spectacle appalled such observers as John Quincy Adams, with the former president sorrowing that Texas joined the union tainted by two crimes, slavery and 'robbery of Mexico.'”
John Quincy Adams
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams
(1767 – 1848; president 1825–1829)
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发表于 1-25-2014 18:54:27
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