Oxford Researchers Produce a Genetic Atlas of Human Mixing Events

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Nicholas Wade, Tracing Ancestry, Researchers Produce a Genetic Atlas of Human Mixing Events; Mysteries like European DNA in the Kalash of Pakistan. New York Times, Feb 14, 2014.
www.nytimes.com/2014/02/14/scien ... -mixing-events.html

Note:
(a)
(i) Please view the graphic of the report first. The graphic describes the result of synapsis  聯會
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsis
(While autosomes undergo synapsis during meiosis, sex chromosomes often remain unpaired)
and chromosomal crossover (同源)染色體 互換.
(ii) The research article does not mention China o Taiwan, but does discuss Han and Dai people (see (f) below).

Hellenthal G et al, A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History. Science, 343: 747-751 (Feb 14, 2014)
www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6172/747.full
("we analyzed 1490 individuals from 95 worldwide human groups")

(b) NYTimes: "many populations of the southern Mediterranean and Middle East have segments of African origin in their genomes that were inserted at times between A.D. 650 and 1900, according to the geneticists’ calculations. This could reflect the activity of the Arab slave trade, which originated in the seventh century * * * The lowest amount of African admixture occurs in the Druse, a religious group of the Middle East that prohibited slavery and has been closed to converts [to become Druse] since AD 1043."
(i) Arab slave trade
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_slave_trade
(People traded were not limited to a certain race, ethnicity, or religion; Historians estimate that between 650 and 1900, 10 to 18 million peoples were enslaved by Arab slave traders)
(ii) Druse
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druse
(Muslims; section 2.1 Origin of the name)

(c) NYTimes: "Another mixing event is the injection of European-type DNA into the Kalash, a people of Pakistan, at some time between 990 and 210 BC. This could reflect the invasion of India by Alexander the Great in 326 BC."
(i) The Science article dedicates an entire paragraph to this: "Last, Central Asia shows a particularly complex inferred history after a reanalysis of 10 groups excluding each other as donors, with 9 of 10 groups showing diverse recent events. The exception is the Kalash, a genetically isolated population from the Hindu Kush mountains of Pakistan. Distinct, ancient, and partially shared admixture signals (always dated older than 90 BCE) are seen in six groups, including the Kalash, whose strongest signal suggests a major admixture event (990 to 210 BCE) from a source related to present-day Western Eurasians, although we cannot identify the geographic origin precisely. This period overlaps that of Alexander the Great (356 to 323 BCE), whose army, local tradition holds, the Kalash are descended from, but these ancient events predate recorded history in the region, precluding confident interpretation." (footnotes and figure citations omitted)
(ii) Kalash people
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people
(section 1 Etymology)
(iii) Hindu Kush
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush
(an 800 km (500 mi) long mountain range)

(d) NYTimes: "One of the most widespread events his group has detected is the injection of Mongol ancestry into populations within the Mongol empire, such as the Hazara of Afghanistan and the Uighur Turks of Central Asia. The event occurred 22 generations ago, according to genetic dating, which corresponds to the beginning of the 14th century, fitting well with the period of the Mongol empire."
(i) Science: "Events affecting a group of seven populations correspond in time to the rapid expansion, initiated by Genghis Khan, of the Mongol empire (1206 to 1368 CE), one of the most dramatic events in human history. These populations, including the Hazara, the Uygur, and the Mongola themselves, were sampled from within the range of the Mongol empire and show an admixture event dating within the Mongol Period, with one source closely genetically related to the Mongola that progressively decreases in proportion westward, to 8% in the Turkish." (footnotes and figure citations omitted)
(ii) Mongol Empire
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire
(Genghis Khan was proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206; when it was overthrown by the Han Chinese Ming Dynasty in 1368, the Mongol Empire finally dissolved)
(iii) Hazara people
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_people
(Persian-speaking; Muslims; section 1 Etymology)

(e) NYTimes: "In another example, the European colonization of America is recorded in the genomes of the Maya and Pima Indians."

Pima people
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_people
(in Arizona; "Pima" is believed to have come from the phrase pi 'añi mac or pi mac, meaning "I don't know," used repeatedly in their initial meetings with Europeans)

(f) NYTimes: "And Cambodian genomes mark the fall of the Khmer empire in the form of ancestral DNA from the invading Tai people."
(i) Science: The researchers infer "an ~81% contribution [to present-day Cambodians] from a source related specifically to modern-day Han and Dai, the latter a branch of the Tai people who entered the region in historical times. Further, this event dates to 1362 CE (1194 to 1502 CE), a period spanning the end of the Indianized Khmer empire (802 to 1431 CE), one of the most powerful empires in Southeast Asia, whose fall was hypothesized to relate to a Tai influx." (footnotes and figure citations omitted)
(ii) Khmer Empire
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire
("The beginning of the era of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802 AD. In this year, king Jayavarman II had himself declared chakravartin ('king of the world,' or 'king of kings') on Phnom Kulen [a mountain range in Cambodia]. The empire ended with the fall of Angkor")
(iii) Khmer people
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_people
(The combination of the legendary founders of the kingdom of Kambuja, the Brahman Sage_Kambu_Swayambhuva and the naga princess Mera's names, is said to have given rise to the name Khmer)
(iv) Tai peoples
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_peoples
(In China, Tai peoples (excluding Rauz peoples 僚人) are called Dai people 傣族)

(g) NYTimes: "Dr Myers and his colleagues have detected European ancestry that entered the Tu people 土族 [Wikipedia: According to the 2000 census the total population was 241,198 and lived mostly in the Qinghai and Gansu provinces] of central China between the 11th and 14th centuries; this, they surmise, could be from traders traveling the Silk Road."

(h) NYTimes: "They find among Northern Italians an insertion of Middle Eastern DNA that occurred between 776 B.C. and A.D. 550, and may represent the Etruscans, a mysterious people said by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus to have emigrated from Lydia in Turkey."
(i) Etruscan civilization
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization
(768-264 BC)
(ii) Lydia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia