Horse and North America

choi

David Quammen, People of the Horse. Horses forever changed life on the Great Plains. They allowed tribes to hunt more buffalo than ever before. They tipped the balance of power in favor of mounted warriors. And they became prized as wealth. For Native Americans today, horses endure as an emblem of tradition and a source of pride, pageantry, and healing. National Geographic magazine (NGM), March 2014.
ngm-beta.nationalgeographic.com/2014/03/articles/people-of-the-horse/

My comment:
(a) National Geographic apparently has changed its policy and allowed non-subscribers to read magazine contents online--with a caveat: One has to signed up with Facebook or an email address.
(b) There is no need to read the text at all, about Native Americans' fondness of horses. Only view an illustration (in print) --online the bottom half of the illustration, about various horse breeds, becomes a photo gallery of horses--whose heading is "Return of a Native" whose legend is right below the illustration, in roman typeface (in the online version, the heading is "The Journey Back" and legend is in italics):

"The horse originated in North America nearly two million years ago and spread to Eurasia over the Bering land bridge. Then, about 10,000 BC, horses vanished from the New World, possibly killed for food by humans who had come to the continent from Eurasia. When the horse returned with European conquistadores and colonists, it transformed the culture of many tribes. In turn, Native Americans and settlers changed the horse, developing new breeds from Old World stock.
[credit:] Fernando G. Baptista and Matthew Twombly, NGM Staff; Patricia Healy; Debbie Gibbons, NG Staff (map). Aldo Chiappe (horse art). Sources: Emil Her Many Horses, National Museum of the American Indian; Phillip Sponenberg, Virginia Tech; Jeanette Beranger, Livestock Conservancy"

(c) Online and in print, the illustration marks
(i) "Apache[:] Tribal locations at time of contact with horses"

Apache
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache
(The word Apache entered English via Spanish, but the ultimate origin is uncertain; two maps with respective legends: "Apachean tribes ca. 18th century" and "Present-day primary locations of Apachean peoples")
(ii) "England 1610" and "England 1630": Englishmen arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 (but brought in horses years later.
(iii) "Dutch 1625": New Netherland (1614-1664; capital New Amsterdam (1625-1664; renamed New York in 1665 in honor of the then Duke of York (later James II of England, who was deposed in Glorious Revolution of 1688))  Wikipedia
(iv) Pueblo Revolt
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt


(d) In print, the illustration has a timeline that does not appear online:
(i)
(A) "1493-1500s [red in color for the years, which explains red arrows in the illustrations]
COLONIAL SPANISH
Expeditions carried a variety of Iberian breeds to the Caribbean. As the herds grew, Spaniards seeking gold and glory took horses to mainland North America. The first to do so: Hernán Cortés in 1519.
(B) Right underneath are three horse breeds: "Old World stock[:] Sorraia, Barb, Spanish jennet"
-------->

(ii) 1600s [purple]
(A) INTO THE MIX
In an effort to create new American breeds, colonists often turned to the Caribbean horse--sent to Quebec from France and known for its strength--and later to the swift English Thoroughbred.
Right underneath are three horse breeds: Canadian, English Thoroughbred
(B) EARLY INDIAN BREEDS
In the 1600s southeastern tribes became adept at crossbreeding Spanish horses for key traits: The marsh tacky was agile in swamps; the Choctaw's stamina served well in farm fields and on trade routes.
Right underneath are two horse breeds: Marsh tacky, Choctaw
----------->

(iii) 1700s [blue]
(A) AMERICAN ORIGINALS
The Nez Perce tribe nurtured the spotted Appaloosa; saddkebreds sprang from the southern US. The versatile quarter horse spread from the east to west and is called the first all-American breed."
(B) Right underneath are three horse breeds: American quarter horse, Saddlebred, Appaloosa

(iv) The arrows in this bottom half of the illustration show "Old World stock[:] Sorraia, Barb, Spanish jennet" gave rise to
(A) "EARLY INDIAN BREEDS" of Marsh tacky, Choctaw
AND
(B) "WILD[:]  By 1529 so many had escaped that Mexican cattlemen set rules for capturing and branding the runaways, which came to be called mustangs, from the medieval Spanish word mestengo, for 'stray.'   SPANISH MUSTANG[:] Some 30,000 wild horses now roam the West. With striping on their legs, Utah's Sulphurs still have the look of a primitive breed [read (1)(b) in the next posting, for the zebra stripes]."

Then the arrows from all these (breeds and mustang, too), in a melting pot, and "AMERICAN ORIGINALS: American quarter horse, Saddlebred, Appaloosa" were born..


(e)
(i) Jennet
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennet
(section 1 Spanish origin of the term)
(ii) For English Thoroughbred, see Thoroughbreden.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred(The Thoroughbred as it is known today was developed in 17th- and 18th-century England, when native mares were crossbred with imported Oriental stallions of Arabian, Barb, and Turkoman breeding; used mainly for racing)
(iii) American Saddlebred
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddlebred
(photo legend: "High-stepping action is typical of the Saddlebred, as seen in this "five-gaited" horse, performing the rack")
(iv) Appaloosaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa
(Appaloosas were once referred to by settlers as the "Palouse horse," possibly after the Palouse River, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Appaloosa"

(f)
(i) Hernán Cortés
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernán_Cortés
(1485-1547; caused the fall of the Aztec Empire)
(ii) Hernan
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernan
(It is the Latinized version of the compound name Fard-nanth, which seems to mean "gentle traveler" or "spiritual pilgrim." The House of Hernan gave its name to those with the surname Hernandez)
(iii) Cortes
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes
(Corte, Cortes and Cortez are names of Latin origin [Latin cohors, meaning "cohort"], meaning "court(s)")

choi

Paleontology in Idaho

(1) horse
(a) Explore a fossiliferous Pliocene-aged site!   Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument (Idaho), National Park Service (NPS), US Department of Interiors, undated.
www.nps.gov/hafo/index.htm
("Did you know horses evolved in North America?  The Hagerman Horse, Equus Simplicidens, was the first true horse but its’ bones most closely resembled Grevy’s zebra bones")

That is all there is in that Web page. There is no need to visit (the Web page).
(b) Animals, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, undated.
www.nps.gov/hafo/naturescience/animals.htm

Click "Hagerman horse" and "camel" (there is no "mastodon" in this Web page, presumably because the latter was not discovered here).

(c) Hagerman Fossil Beds. Digital Atlas of Idaho, Idaho Museum of Natural History,Idaho State University, undated.
imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geog/parks/hagerman/hagerman.htm

Quote:

"The Fossil Beds are located across the [Snake] river to the southwest from the town [Hagerman] in a series of steep bluffs

"Elmer Cook, a cattle rancher living in Hagerman, Idaho, discovered some fossil bones on what is now monument land in 1928. He showed them to Dr HT Stearns of the US Geological Survey who then passed them on to Dr J W Gidley at the Smithsonian Institution. Identified as bones belonging to an extinct horse, the area where the fossils were discovered was excavated and three tons of specimens were sent back to the Smithsonian in Washington, DC.

(d) Hagerman, Idaho
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman,_Idaho
(a town; population was 872 at the 2010 census)
(e) How the town got its name

Site Report--Hagerman Valley. Idaho State Historical Society, revised December 1984 (Reference Series: No 352).
www.history.idaho.gov/sites/defa ... nce-series/0352.pdf

Quote:

"For thousands of years an important Indian fishing and wintering area, Hagerman Valley provided salmon for Shoshoni and Bannock Indians from the upper Snake country. Salmon could not ascend Snake River above Salmon Falls in Hagerman Valley, so the Indians came a long way to reach that important fishing site. The valley also offered a Shoshoni band protected winter campsites

"With settlement of the valley, Stanley Hagerman started a store in 1891 northwest of Salmon Falls in the middle of the valley. A school was built in 1892, and a hotel followed the next year. Hagerman soon displaced Salmon Falls as the center of commerce and settlement.


(2) camel
(a) Camelops. Hagerman Fossil Beds, National Park Service, undated.
www.nps.gov/hafo/naturescience/camelops.htm

Quote:

"Camels originated in North American about 50 million years ago and their presence in the Old World is a recent event, geologically speaking. Most of their history is preserved in the fossil record in North America. Based on this record we know that most camels didn't live in deserts but were adapted to grasslands and parkland situations. * * * In fact, camels probably didn't adapt to desert conditions until after they dispersed into Asia and the Middle East.

"our knowledge of camels at Hagerman Fossil Beds took a giant step forward with the discovery of a complete skull of the extinct genus Camelops, whose name when translated, literally means camel face. Camelops has been found in a number of other places in [United States] * * * All of these other sites are from the younger Pleistocene epoch (known more popularly as the Ice Age).

"This article originally appeared in The Fossil Record, July 1994

(b) camelops
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelops
("an extinct genus of camel that once roamed western North America, where it disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene about 10,000 years ago. Its name is derived from the Greek camel + face")


(3)
(a) Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre,  undated
www.beringia.com/research/mastadon.html

Quote: "Mastodons (family Mammutidae) originated some 35 million years ago in North Africa, spreading to Eurasia about 20 million years ago, and entering North America via the Bering Isthmus (now Bering Strait) approximately 15 million years ago. Miomastodon (considered by some as Zyglolophodon), which lived during the Miocene (some 22 to 6 million years ago) in Eurasia and North America, gave rise to both the American mastodon (Mammut americanum) and its closest known relative, Borson's mastodon (Mammut borsoni), which lived in Europe about 3 million years ago. The earliest records of the American mastodon are from Washington and Idaho, and extend back about 3.7 million years. Between about 1.8 and 0.4 million years ago, the species occurred in Nebraska, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, as well as Washington, Idaho, and Florida.

(b) Manis Mastodon Site
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_Site
(On Aug 8, 1977, a farmer named Emanuel Manis was excavating his property with a backhoe, when he found the tusks of an American mastodon; a rib bone with a spear point made from the bone of a different mastodon embedded in it; "In 2002, on the 25th anniversary of the discovery, Manis' widow donated the site to the [private] National Archaeological Conservancy. The fossil remains of the mastodon were donated to the Museum & Arts Center in Sequim," Washington)
(c) Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Beringia_Interpretive_Centre
(During Beringia's long history some animals migrated Easterly (mastodons, gomphotheres, mammoths, various members of the deer family, bison, sheep and muskoxen) others Westerly (equines, camels))
(d) Welcome to the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre. Museum Unit, Dept of Tourism adn Culture, Government of Yukon, undated
www.beringia.com/
(section heading: "What is Beringia?")