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Schumpeter | Silicon Valley 1.0; Cleveland can teach valuable lessons about the rise and fall of economic clusters. Economist, July 23, 2016.
http://www.economist.com/news/bu ... ing-success-lessons
Note:
(a) Republican Party held its national convention in Cleveland -- July 18-21, 2016. "It is hard to think of a city that better illustrates Mr Trump's campaign theme of making America great again. For Cleveland is a city that has clearly fallen from greatness. * * * Cleveland was the Silicon Valley of the second industrial revolution. John D Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company there in 1870. Steel barons built mills along the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie, drawn both by the supply of iron ore and by excellent transport links to the east coast. Immigrants came in their thousands. Charles Brush pioneered electric lighting there; Sidney Short and fellow inventors came out with electric street cars.
() Second Industrial Revolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution
(is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I)
(ii) Cuyahoga River
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_River
(section 1 Etymology
(iii) "Steel barons built mills along the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie, drawn both by the supply of iron ore"
(A) Iron ore were discovered at first in Cuyahoga basin, and, when it was exhausted, in Michigan.
Chapter 19 The Iron Men. In (the book) William Donohue Ellis, The Cuyahoga. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966
http://www.clevelandmemory.org/ellis/chap19.html
("THE CUYAHOGA VALLEY is iron country. It all began way upstream south of the big U-turn in the river * * * These good-sized boulders weren't more than five per-cent iron * * * Cuyahoga Steam Furnace [Co, founded by Charles 'Chas' Hoyt] started up in 1835 [most other sources say 1827; the company was the first ironworks in Cuyahoga] * * * But it was harder and harder to find the rocks. Where would the ore come from? * * * outside the city of Nagoma, Michigan * * * The ore was found under the roots of a fallen pine tree in June 1845 by Margi-Lassa Gesick, a chief of the Chippewa tribe")
I fail to find Nagoma, Michigan. And state of Michigan states that iron ore was first discovered in 1844 (but mined in 1845) by "state geologists led by William A Burt. The group was in the woods west of present-day Marquette" (a city in Upper Peninsula, Michigan).
(B) Iron and Steel Industry. In The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (a joint effort by Case Western Univ and Western Reseve Historical Society), 2nd ed. Indiana University Press, 1996.
http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=IASI
("Location has been Cleveland's potent metallurgical advantage * * * Cuyahoga County, which produced 968,801 tons of iron and steel in 1900, ranked fifth nationally (behind Allegheny County, PA [county seat: Pittsburgh; with iron and coal deposits], Cook County, IL, Mahoning County, OH [county seat: Youngstown (named for John Young, an early settler; endowed with iron and coal)], and Jefferson County, AL [county seat: Birmingham]) in iron and steel production. The industry's foothold in Cleveland was assured with the discovery in 1844 of iron ore in the Lake Superior region of Michigan. Because the Lake Superior ore districts were geographically isolated, without coal or major markets nearby, iron ore could not be smelted to pig or bar iron and sold at a profit. The only profitable way to exploit the ore was to transport it in bulk to distant blast furnaces on the lower Great Lakes--to places like Cleveland, Chicago, and Ashtabula, OH")
* Ashtabula, Ohio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio
("Beginning in the late 19th century, the city became a major coal port on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Ashtabula River northeast of Cleveland [air distance: 53 miles]. Coal and iron were shipped here, the latter from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota")
(iv) "Charles Brush pioneered electric lighting there"
(A) Charles F Brush
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Brush
(1849 – 1929; By 1881, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Montreal, Buffalo, San Francisco, Cleveland and other cities had Brush arc light systems, producing public light well into the 20th century)
(B) arc lamp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lamp
("invented by Humphry Davy [not by Brush] in the first decade of the 1800s, was the first practical electric light. It was widely used starting in the 1870s for street and large building lighting until it was superseded by the incandescent light [which Thomas Edison greatly improved] in the early 20th century * * * is now obsolete)
(v) I can't find out Sydney Short's contribution to electrical streetcar. |
发表于 9-14-2016 14:07:57
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