本帖最后由 choi 于 7-22-2022 10:46 编辑
(2) "Although the artist known as El Greco is now acclaimed as one of the greatest painters of Spain's Golden Age, Doménikos Theotokópoulos (1541-1614) was born in Crete * * * He settled in Spain in 1577. * * * his [Picasso's] small painting, 'Man, After El Greco' (c 1899) capture the young artist exploring the master's anti-naturalistic distortion and elongation of the human body to achieve emotionally expressive effects. By turning to El Greco, Picasso rejected the dominant standards of academic realism * * * As one [Francisco Bernareggi, nicknamed 'Pancho'] of Picasso's friends recalled, 'That was in 1897, when El Greco was considered a menace.'"
(a) El Greco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco
("most widely known as El Greco ('The Greek') * * * the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Domḗnikos Theotokópoulos), often adding the word Κρής (Krḗs), which means Cretan")
(i) However, greco in Spanish is an adjective (meaning Greek, that of Greece), not a noun. How come?
(ii) El Greco (Spanish, 1541–1614). Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, undated
https://www.nga.gov/features/sli ... nish-1541-1614.html
Quote:
(A) "The man known as El Greco was a Greek artist whose emotional style vividly expressed the passion of Counter-Reformation Spain. Here at the National Gallery is the most important collection of his work outside that country, which was his adopted home.
"The haunting intensity of El Greco's paintings—resulting from their unnaturally long figures and strong contrasts of color and light—has invited a kind of mythmaking about his life and art. * * *
(B) "Born on the island of Crete, Domenikos Theotokopoulos acquired the name El Greco—the Greek—in Italy and Spain. After working as an icon painter in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, he left Crete in 1568 to study western-style painting in Venice. * * * After about two years he moved to Rome * * *
(iii) Italian-English dictionary:
* greco
(adjective masculine): "Greek"
(noun mascxulimne): "Greek (individual)"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greco
Unlike English, in Italian greco does not have a capitalized g.
(iv) Italian grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_grammar
(section 1 Articles)
But el is not an Italian article. How come?
(v) Harold E Wethey, El Greco. Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated
https://www.britannica.com/biography/El-Greco
("He is, nevertheless, generally known as El Greco ('the Greek'), a name he acquired when he lived in Italy, where the custom of identifying a man by designating country or city of origin was a common practice. The curious form of the article (El), however, may be the Venetian dialect or more likely from the Spanish. Because Crete, his homeland, was then a Venetian possession and he was a Venetian citizen, he decided to go to Venice to study. The exact year in which this took place is not known; but speculation has placed the date anywhere from 1560, when he was 19, to 1566")
(b) Picasso's Passion for El Greco. Museu Picasso of Barcelona, Oct 22, 2015-Jan 17, 2016 (an exhibition)
www.bcn.cat/museupicasso/en/exhi ... co.html#presentacio
("Picasso visited the Prado museum to study El Greco's works during his stay in Madrid from 1897 to 1898 [thus long before his Blue or Rose Periods]. * * * When he [Picasso] returned to Barcelona he became involved with the circle of collectors, writers and admirers of the artist’s work who met at the Quatre Gats café")
(i) The bcn in the URL is short for Barcelona.
(ii)
(A) Note (1)(c)(ii)(A) states Picasso "lived in France from 1905 to 1973." But probably from 1904.
(B) Pablo Picasso
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso
(was born "in 1881, in the city of Málaga, Andalusia, in southern Spain. He was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López. Picasso's family was of middle-class background. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game."/ died in 1973/ section 2 Career, section 2.2 Blue Period: 1901–1904 + section 2.3 Rose Period: 1904–1906: "Picasso met Fernande Olivier, a bohemian artist who became his mistress, in Paris in 1904. Olivier appears in many of his Rose Period paintings, many of which are influenced by his warm relationship with her")
• Spanish naming customs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs
("The practice is to use one given name and the first surname generally (eg, 'Miguel de Unamuno' for Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo); the complete name is reserved for legal, formal and documentary matters. Both surnames are sometimes systematically used when the first surname is very common (eg, * * * Pablo Ruiz Picasso [section 1 Basic structure:] Traditionally, a person's first surname is the father's first surname, while their second surname is the mother's first surname [section 1.4 Marriage:] In Spain, upon marrying, one does not change one's surname [but Hispanics living in US adopt American customs and do change last names]"/ section 2.2 The particle "y" (and) / section 3.1.1 The suffix -ez )
• Ruiz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruiz
("The Spanish surname Ruiz originates from the Germanic personal name 'Hrodric' which is composed of the elements 'Hrōd,' meaning 'renown,' and 'rīc,' meaning 'power(ful),' thus 'famous ruler.' Ruiz is a patronymic from [represented by -ez, as Rodriguez is patronymic of Rodrigo] the personal name Ruy, a short form of [Spanish given name] Rodrigo [whose English counterpart is Roderick], meaning 'son of Roderick.' Its roots can be traced back to the Visigoths, the Germanic tribe which ruled in the Iberian Peninsula between the 5th and 8th centuries")
(C) Pablo Picasso (1881-1973). BBC, undated (in the category "History")
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/hi ... picasso_pablo.shtml
("Pablo Ruiz was born in Malaga on 25 October 1881, the son of an art teacher. He later adopted his mother's maiden name of Picasso. He grew up in Barcelona, showing artistic talent at an early age. In the early 1900s, he moved between France and Spain before finally settling in Paris in 1904. There he experimented with a number of styles and produced his own original ones, reflected in his 'Blue' and 'Rose' periods. In 1907 Picasso painted 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon', a revolutionary work that introduced a major new style - 'Cubism'. Picasso worked closely with the French artist Georges Braque [a male] in the development of this style. * * * Picasso now moved from style to style, experimenting with painting and sculpture and becoming involved with the Surrealist movement. In 1937, he produced 'Guernica', a painting inspired by the destruction of the town in northern Spain by German bombers during the Spanish Civil War. Picasso supported the Republican government fighting General Francisco Franco, and never returned to Spain after Franco's victory. Unlike many artists, Picasso remained in Paris during the German occupation. From 1946 to his death he lived mainly in the south of France")
(iii) Both Catalan noun feminine presentació
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/presentació
and Spanish noun feminine presentación descend from Latin noun feminine praesentātiō (the bar atop a letter indicates a long vowel) -- all three nouns mean presentation.
(iv) Els Quatre Gats
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els_Quatre_Gats
("Catalan for 'The Four Cats' "/ section 1 History)
(A) French-English dictionary:
* chat (noun masculine; from Middle and Old French of the same spelling, from Late Latin [noun masculine] cattus [cat]): "cat"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chat
^ Late Latin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin
("English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE * * * This somewhat ambiguously defined version of Latin was used between the eras of Classical Latin and Medieval Latin. Scholars do not agree exactly when Classical Latin should end or Medieval Latin should begin")
^ The English noun cat is from Old English noun masculine catt.
(B) Catalan-English dictionary:
* els (masculine plural definite article; feminine plural les, masculine singular el, feminine singular la): "the"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/els
* quatre
(numeral masculine or feminine [followed by a noun (which can be masculine or feminine)]): "four; a few"
(noun masculine): "four"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quatre
* gat (noun masculine; from Old Catalan gat, from Late Latin cattus)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gat
(C) Spanish-English dictionary:
* The Spanish definite articles are: masculine plural los, feminine plural las, masculine singular le, feminine singular la.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_determiners
* cuatro (numeral; from Old Spanish quatro, from Latin numeral (indeclinable; spelling does not change) quattŭor four): "four"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuatro
* gato (noun masculine singular; feminine singular gata; masculine plural gatos; feminine gatas; from Latin cattus (compare Italian [noun masculine] gatto)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gato
(c) There is no en.wikipedia.org page for Bernareggi, But there is his portrait by an American painter.
(i) John Singer Sargent, Francisco Bernareggi. 1908. The Met, undated
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/21440
("Francisco Bernareggi y González Caldéon (1879–1959) was an Argentine painter residing in Majorca. He first came to Spain as an art student, joining the School of Fine Arts in Barcelona, where he established a lasting friendship with fellow student Pablo Picasso. Bernareggi was one of the group of local artists who feted Sargent when he [Sargent] visited the island in 1908")
(ii) Mallorca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorca
(or Majorca)
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发表于 7-21-2022 15:51:55
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