殲-35

choi

陈筠, 中共歼-35漂亮参数曝光 实战能力受质疑. VOSA Chinese, Mar 16, 2024
https://www.voachinese.com/a/pla ... 240315/7529139.html

, which is based on

宋偉, 遼寧艦測試殲-35 航母戰力料倍增. 文匯網 , Feb 19, 2024.
https://www.wenweipo.com/a/20240 ... b06013908c7fef.html

Note:
(a) "公開資料顯示，美軍目前現役F-35C第五代隱形艦載機最大飛行速度為1.5馬赫 [which is correct]，遜於殲-35的2.2馬赫。此外，裝備兩台推力14噸WS-19渦扇發動機的殲-35，還採用全向矢量噴管技術，相比美軍的F-35C，顯著提高了戰機機動性和垂直、短距起飛等技戰術性能。而在最為關鍵的隱身指標上，F-35C面對對方戰鬥機雷達時，正面最小雷達反射截面積為0.5㎡，殲-35則僅為0.01㎡。輔之大孔徑有源相控陣雷達，解放軍殲-35可在最遠相距120km時即發現F-35C，在超視距 [beyond-visual-range] 空戰中佔盡上風。由於甲板空間及船體結構限制，此次改造升級後的遼寧艦仍依靠滑躍起飛，因此無法搭載固定翼空警-600 [KJ-600] 預警機"
(i) 馬赫
(A) English dictionary:
* Mach (First Known Use 1947)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/machmach
(pronunciation)
(B) Mach number
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number
(a dimensionless quantity; section 1 Etymology: Ernst Mach (1838 – 1916) )

Mr Mach is Austrian, his name is German, and Americans always pronounce ch in German as k (eg, former New York mayor Edward Koch).
(ii) "推力14噸"
(A) 推力  thrust
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust
("Force, and thus thrust, is measured using the International System of Units (SI) in newtons (symbol: N), and represents the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 meter per second per second")
(B) Marshall Brain, How Gas Turbine Engines Work. howstuffworks, undated
https://science.howstuffworks.co ... modern/turbine7.htm
("Thrust is generally measured in pounds in the United States (the metric system u­ses Newtons, where 4.45 Newtons equals 1 pound of thrust). A "pound of thrust" is equal to a force able to accelerate 1 pound of material 32 feet per second per second (32 feet per second per second happens to be equivalent to the acceleration provided by gravity). Therefore, if you have a jet engine capable of producing 1 pound of thrust, it could hold 1 pound of material suspended in the air if the jet were pointed straight down. Likewise, a jet engine producing 5,000 pounds of thrust could hold 5,000 pounds of material suspended in the air. And if a rocket engine produced 5,000 pounds of thrust applied to a 5,000-pound object floating in space, the 5,000-pound object would accelerate at a rate of 32 feet per second per second")
• Why does an acceleration unit include "per second per second"?

Newton's laws of motion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion
(section 1 Prerequisites: v=ds/dt + a=dv/dt (which explains why the unit of acceleration includes "per second second"/ section 2 Laws, section 2.2 Second law: F=ma)

newton (unit)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)
(1 kg⋅m/second squared )
• Why 32?  

Intuitively, one guesses that the number is needed to have a pound of object suspended in the air.

pound (force)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(force)
(symbol: lbf, where lb is pound and f force)
is pound thrust. See section 4 Pound of thrust.

Also in this Wiki page, section 1 Definitions, section 1.1 Product of avoirdupois pound and standard gravity: a formula explains the origin of "32")

The "avoirdupois pound" is the pound that is used in US (and before, in England, which mainly uses metric system) and equals 0.45 kg.
(iii) "全向矢量噴管 * * * 相比美軍的F-35C"
(A) 噴管  nozzle

Chinese language inside China has "矢量(型)发动机" or "矢量喷气式引擎." These are wrong, because thrust vectoring (see next) is controlled by NUZZLE(S).
(B) 矢量噴管  thrust vectoring  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_vectoring
("In rocketry and ballistic missiles that fly outside the atmosphere, aerodynamic control surfaces are ineffective"/ section 4 List of vectored thrust aircraft, section 5.2 For higher maneuverability, section 5.2.1 Vectoring in two dimensions + section 5.2.2 Vectoring in three dimensions [which is the same as multi-axis, as top anime shows; but this Wiki page also has "single axis" which means the nozzle can not change direction at all] )

Quote: "its F-35B variant [capable of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) and obviously can change direction of nozzles] * * * [But] It is not conceived for enhanced maneuverability in combat, only for VTOL operation, and the F-35A and F-35C do not use thrust vectoring at all [because when designing decades ago, it was decided that thrust vectoring would bring more disadvantages than with advantages (albeit lack of details why].

Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II
(section 4 Variants)
(iv) 正面最小雷達反射截面積  radar cross section
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross_section
(section 3 Measurement: RCS is "expressed in square meters. This does not equal geometric area. A perfectly conducting sphere of projected cross sectional area 1 m2 (ie a diameter of 1.13 m [radius 0.57 m, and area of a circle is about 1 m2) will have an RCS of 1 m2. For radar wavelengths much less than the diameter of the sphere" in order to detect the object)

There is no official or ascertainable RCS figure for F-35 (maybe it is a secret), but the preceding Wiki page asserts, "The RCS of the F-35 has been characterized as lower than a metal golf ball at certain frequencies and angles; in some conditions, the F-35 compares favorably to the F-22 in stealth."
(v) "大孔徑有源相控陣雷達"
(A) 相控陣  phased array
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array
View the anime at the top.
(B) 有源 or 主动 相控陣(雷達) active phased array  vs  无源相控阵/ 被动相控阵

radar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar
("Active radar transmits a signal that is reflected back to the receiver. Passive radar depends upon the object sending a signal to the receiver")
(C) 大孔徑  large aperture

The aperture 孔徑 is found in "synthetic-aperture radar" 合成孔径雷达, which is different from phased array radar. So one google "大孔徑有源相控陣雷達" or simplified Chinese, there is no such thing.
(vi) Airborne early warning and control
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control
(AEW&C)

(b) 氮化鎵  gallium nitride (GaN)
-----------------------------------
專家：藉卓越隱身優勢 高速突防攻擊奪取制空權

歷時近一年施工，中國首艘航母遼寧艦在大連造船廠的升級維護已近尾聲。春節後，其飛行甲板上首次出現一架周身被防雨布包裹的殲-35（等比模型），連日來持續展開甲板調度試驗。這是繼福建艦後，中國首款第五代隱身艦載戰機再次現身航母。此舉意味着換裝國產WS-19「黃山」發動機的殲-35距離上艦服役已更進一步。未來，殲-35料將成為遼寧艦、山東艦、福建艦三艘航母主力艦載機型，中國海軍航母戰鬥群綜合戰力亦將實現倍增。 ◆文/圖：香港文匯報記者 宋偉 大連報道

遼寧艦副艦長陸強強海軍大校此前接受CGTN訪問時曾表示，改造升級後的遼寧艦將從原來的訓練艦轉變為戰鬥艦。此番殲-35亮相遼寧艦進行試驗，則印證遼寧艦已淡化科研訓練身份，正在挖掘最大戰鬥力。

未來混裝殲-15和殲-35

鑒於殲-35參數與殲-15有較大差異，遼寧艦此輪維護需要對機庫、攔阻索、升降機進行升級。有分析指出，殲-35在起飛時可能會減少燃料攜帶，後續通過空中加油方式進行補給。與此同時，相較彈射起飛，滑躍起飛無需對前起落架等部位進行加強，可減少殲-35冗餘空重，有利於增加起飛時載荷。

此前沙特防務展上，有中航官方人士指殲-35雖未正式列裝，但已為時不遠。預計2025-2026年形成訓練大綱後，殲-35將大批量生產裝備。同時也會根據試訓和測試反饋，開始快速迭代升級。軍事專家杜文龍表示，將殲-35放在遼寧艦上進行試驗，說明其兩台發動機的巨大推力以及適合海上起降的飛行設計，完全能夠像殲-15一樣，完成在滑躍型甲板上的起降。「今後，殲-35不光是遼寧艦的標準配備，也能夠在山東艦上使用。」他同時指出，航母未來混裝殲-15和殲-35，能在海空作戰行動中將隱身、不隱身兩大要素結合到一起。憑借卓越的隱身優勢，未來海戰中，殲-35可在攻擊-11無人機等僚機協助下，攜帶「霹靂」系列空空導彈，快速突破敵軍航母防空體系，通過高速突防、隱蔽攻擊，在短時間內奪取制空權。而攜帶「鷹擊」系列反艦導彈的殲-15，則主要承擔大規模火力支援，發射反艦導彈對海攻擊。

關鍵性能優於美F-35C

2021年10月首飛的殲-35，打破了美國海軍F-35C隱身艦載戰機獨霸全球的局面。公開資料顯示，美軍目前現役F-35C第五代隱形艦載機最大飛行速度為1.5馬赫，遜於殲-35的2.2馬赫。此外，裝備兩台推力14噸WS-19渦扇發動機的殲-35，還採用全向矢量噴管技術，相比美軍的F-35C，顯著提高了戰機機動性和垂直、短距起飛等技戰術性能。而在最為關鍵的隱身指標上，F-35C面對對方戰鬥機雷達時，正面最小雷達反射截面積為0.5㎡，殲-35則僅為0.01㎡。輔之大孔徑有源相控陣雷達，解放軍殲-35可在最遠相距120km時即發現F-35C，在超視距空戰中佔盡上風。由於甲板空間及船體結構限制，此次改造升級後的遼寧艦仍依靠滑躍起飛，因此無法搭載固定翼空警-600預警機，預警任務只能由各類預警直升機承擔。但直升機在航程、升限、探測範圍等方面遜於固定翼預警機，遼寧艦從訓練艦升級戰鬥艦，需靠無人機彌補缺陷。

或搭載大量無人機返回戰位

早在2022年4月，中國已完成無人預警機首飛。此外，「神雕」「雙尾蠍」「攻擊-11」等多種大型無人攻擊機陸續問世。這些無人機的載重、航程、動力系統甚至優於載人飛機，且由於採用無人駕駛方式，執行任務時將更加靈活。有分析指出，遼寧艦未來可能會搭載大量無人機返回戰位，使其整體水平與山東艦看齊。

殲-35參數

發動機：兩台WS-19「黃山」發動機，採用全向矢量噴管技術

隱身性能：正面最小雷達反射截面積0.01㎡

電子設備：機載氮化鎵有源相控陣雷達、光電分布式孔徑系統、被動式紅外探測系統等

攜彈量：彈倉及兩翼可掛載八枚中遠程超音速空面導彈

最大起飛重量：35噸

最大飛行速度：2.2馬赫

作戰半徑：1,350公里

最大載彈重量：8噸

來源：中航工業等公開資料

整理：香港文匯報記者 宋偉

遼寧艦大事記
2012年9月　遼寧艦入列服役
2012年11月　殲-15在遼寧艦上順利完成阻攔着艦和滑躍起飛
2013年11月　遼寧艦航母編隊首次通過台灣海峽
2014年4月　遼寧艦首次返廠維護保養
2015年7月　遼寧艦首次組織實彈射擊
2016年12月　遼寧艦航母編隊首次通過宮古海峽
2017年7月　遼寧艦航母編隊抵達香港
2017年11月　殲-15成功在遼寧艦上夜間起降
2018年4月　遼寧艦航母編隊亮相南海大閱兵
2018年5月　遼寧艦第二次返廠升級維護
2019年4月　遼寧艦參加海軍成立70周年海上閱兵
2021年12月　遼寧艦、山東艦雙航母編隊出動訓練
2023年2月　遼寧艦第三次返廠升級維護
2024年2月　殲-35（等比模型）首次亮相遼寧艦

整理：香港文匯報記者 宋偉