Bastille Day

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David McCullough, Vive la Similarité; This Bastille Day, celebrate America’s debt to France. New York Times, July 14, 2011
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/14/opinion/14mccullough.html
("our war for independence, would almost certainly have failed had it not been for heavy French financial backing and military support, on both land and sea. At the crucial surrender of the British at Yorktown, for example, the French army under Rochambeau was larger than our own commanded by Washington. The British commander, Cornwallis, was left with no escape and no choice but to surrender only because a French fleet sailed into the Chesapeake Bay at exactly the right moment")

Note:
(a) The "enfant" is a French noun for "child"--can be a boy or a girl.
(b) Franco-American alliance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-American_alliance

* Battle of the Chesapeake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake
(Sept 5, 1781; The battle was tactically inconclusive but strategically a major defeat for the British, since it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the blockaded forces of General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. It also prevented British interference with the transport of French and Continental Army troops and provisions to Yorktown via Chesapeake Bay. As a result, Cornwallis surrendered his army after the Siege of Yorktown.)

(c) Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau
(1725-1807)
(d) XYZ Affair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Affair
(e) History of Baton Rouge. Department of Health & Hospitals (DHH), State of Louisiana, undated.
http://www.dhh.state.la.us/offices/miscdocs/docs-119/BR/History%20of%20Baton%20Rouge.pdf
(f) Des Moines, Iowa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa
(It is named after the Des Moines River [a tributary of Mississippi River], which may have been adapted from the French Rivière des Moines, literally meaning "River of the Monks."
(g) Terre Haute, Indiana
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana
(section 2 History)
(h) Lousiana
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lousiana
(section 1 Toponym)
(i) Vermont
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont
(The origin of the name "Vermont" is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning "the Green Mountains".)
(j) Au Sable River (Michigan)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_Sable_River_(Michigan)
(In French, au sable literally means "with sand.")

le sable is French noun for "sand."

(k) Duquesne University
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_University
(a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Established 1878; in 1911 renamed "Duquesne University of the Holy Ghost", after Ange Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis du Quesne, the French governor of New France [1534-1763] who first brought Catholic observances to the Pittsburgh area)
(l) Marquette University
(a private, coeducational, Jesuit, Roman Catholic university located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; founded in 1881; named after 17th century missionary and explorer Father Jacques Marquette, SJ [1637-1675; French Jesuit])
(m) University of Notre Dame
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame
(a private Catholic research university located in Notre Dame, an unincorporated community north of the city of South Bend, Indiana; History 1 History 1.1 Foundations)
(n) For French cuff, see cuff
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuff
(Link cuffs have buttonholes on both sides and are meant to be closed with cufflinks or silk knots; link cuffs come in two kinds: single cuffs and double, or French, cuffs)

* cufflink
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cufflink
(silk knot: The Paris shirtmaker Charvet is credited with their introduction in the beginning of the 20th century)
(o) James Abbott McNeill Whistler
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler
(1834-1903; an American-born, British-based artist. Averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, he was a leading proponent of the credo "art for art's sake")
(p) Mary Cassatt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cassatt
(1844-1926; American painter)
(q) James Fenimore Cooper
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper
(1789-1851; American writer)
(r) Henry James
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James
(1843-1916; an American-born writer; spent the last 53 years of his life in England, becoming a British subject in 1915, one year before his death)
(s) Edith Wharton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton
(1862-1937)
(t) Louis Moreau Gottschalk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk
(1829-1869; American pianist; "The Paris Conservatoire, however, rejected his application without hearing him on the grounds of his nationality; Pierre Zimmermann, head of the piano faculty, commented that 'America is a country of steam engines'")
(u) Cole Porter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter
(1891-1964; an American composer)
(v) Isadora Duncan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadora_Duncan
(1877-1924; a dancer, considered by many to be the creator of modern dance)
(w) Josephine Baker
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker
(1906-1975; an Afriocan American dancer, singer, and actress who found fame in her adopted homeland of France)
(x) Gertrude Stein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein
(1874-1946; an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France)
(y) Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery And Memorial. American Battle Monuments Commission, undated.
http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/ma.php
("Within the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial in France, which covers 130.5 acres, rest the largest number of our military dead in Europe, a total of 14,246. Most of those buried here lost their lives during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive of World War I. The immense array of headstones rises in long regular rows")



  
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