Order of Japanese Names in English

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Hiroaki SATŌ 佐藤 紘彰, Reversing Japanese names for Western use?  Japan Times, Jan 22, 2017.
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opin ... n-use/#.WIkw4_krKUk

Note:
(a) "When did the Japanese start reversing the family-personal name order for Western consumption?  Was it when Japan signed the Convention of Peace and Amity with Matthew Calbraith Perry of the US Navy in 1854? * * * But, no, there wasn't anything like name order reversal. The treaty and related references show that Japanese names were left intact as they were, titles included.  I happen to have the first edition of Cmdr [Commodore] Perry's report, 'Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan,' published in 1857. It cites the chief Japanese negotiator, for example, as 'Hayashi Daigaku-no-kami.' Hayashi was the head of the Tokugawa Shogunate's institution of higher learning, Shōheikō 昌平黌, hence 'daigaku-no-kami.' He had a personal name, Fukusai, but in those days, titles had precedence over personal names in Japan.
(i)
(A) Convention of Kanagawa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa
(Japanese: 日米和親条約 or 神奈川条約; signed in 1854 at Kanagawa Prfecture )

* the official title in English: Convention of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan
(B) Kanagawa Prefecture  神奈川県
(ii) Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na ... hina_Seas_and_Japan
(iii)
(A) daigaku-no-kami  大学頭
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigaku-no-kami
(title of the chief education expert)
(B) Japanese-English dictionary:
* kami 上 【かみ】 (n)
(iv)
(A) HAYASHI Fukusai  林 復斎 (1801-1959; 復斎 was his 号 whereas his birth name had been 韑; 儒学者 --> 朱子学者)  ja.wkipedia.org
(B) The "hayashi" and "rin" are Japanese and Chinese pronunciations, respectively, of kanji 林.   (Japanese does not have the letter "L/ l." Hence, romanization of 林 must be "rin," rather than "lin.")
(v) Prior to the treaty negotiation, Hayashi had led shogunate's 幕府 -- not emperor's -- Tokyo-based educational institute 昌平坂学問所 (昌平黌 for short; 昌平坂 in Tokyo was named after 昌平郷 -- the birth place of Confucius.

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(b) "Hayashi was indeed 53 years old when he signed the document, with a cipher.  Likewise, the name of the Japanese top interpreter for the occasion is cited in the native order, 'Moryama Yenoske.' In today's spelling and reverse order, it may be given 'Einosuke Moriyama [MORIYAMA 森山 栄之助].' "
(i) cipher (n): "one that has no weight, worth, or influence: NONENTITY <She was nothing more than a cipher>"
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cipher
(ii) "signed the document, with a cipher"
(A) In the Japanese version of the Convention of Kanagawa, the signature on behalf of Japan was "復斎."
(B) In the English version, it was blank where Japan's representative should have signed.

The Treaty of Kanagawa. Washington, DC: US National Archives, undated
https://www.archives.gov/exhibit ... /treaty-of-kanagawa

Quote: "One interesting feature is the omission of a Japanese signature on the English language version [in three languages: English, Japanese and Chinese] of the treaty. Perry's letter to the Navy Secretary, also in the holdings of the Archives, offers an explanation: 'It will be observed that the practice usually pursued in affixing signatures to treaties was departed from on this occasion, and for reason assigned by the Japanese, that their laws forbade the subjects of the Empire from putting their names to any document written in a foreign language." The missing signature demonstrates that Perry's determination to achieve mission objectives was tempered by a willingness to compromise on issues of custom.

(c) "The British, at the height of imperialistic might, also kept the native name order. Sir Ernest Satow, who was stationed in Japan from 1862 to 1883, shows this abundantly in “A Diplomat in Japan.”"

Ernest Satow, A Diplomat in Japan; The inner history of the critical years in the evolution of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored, recorded by a diplomatist who took an active part in the events of the time, with an account of his personal experiences during that period. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1921.
(d) "Most likely, then, the Japanese themselves decided to reverse the name order for Western use. I think of two Meiji figures who may have had some influence in this respect.  Arinori MORI 森 有礼 (1847-1889) is famed for his proposal that Japanese be replaced with English. * * * For his advocacy of Westernization as typified by this, he was assassinated by an ultranationalist 17 years later when he was minister of education.  Yukichi FUJUZAWA 福澤 諭吉 (1835-1901) was no less an advocate of Westernization. In his 1875 book, 'An Outline of the Theory of Civilization 文明論之概略,' he ranked countries in three stages of 'civilization and enlightenment' * * * Then, in 1885, he wrote an editorial for his own newspaper [時事新報], 'On Getting Out of Asia 脱亜論' * * *But Fukuzawa is unlikely to have advocated anything like name reversal so Japan may look more like the United States, Great Britain, et al."

Japanese-English dictionary:
* nori 典 【のり】 (n): "rule; law"

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(e) "it may well have been during the 1880s that the practice began and took root. * * * That was the decade when the Japanese government pushed its second wave of Westernization. It spent an unconscionable sum, for example, to build an Italianate hall designed by the English architect Josiah Conder, the Rokumeikan."
(i) Italianate (adj): "done or made in a style typical of Italy"
www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/italianate
(ii) Rokumeikan  鹿鳴館
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokumeikan

(f) "It was also in the early 1990s that I noticed Chinese and Korean names in newspapers and magazines here. They began to appear far more frequently, and they all, unlike Japanese names, were given in their native order. The contrast [with Japanese name order] became too conspicuous to ignore.

But Chinese names in English has always been surname, followed by given name (such as Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung, which PRC changed to Mao Zedong). Unless, that is, those Chinese adopt Americanized given names.