I detour to tell you why there is an additional i in sapiens, which means knowing or being wise.
In my Apr 15, 2021 posting titled " 预览Caravaggio? + Latin," I has a Latin posting. THIS posting is identical up to (I)(c).
(I) Latin conjugation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_conjugation
(a) Read the opening statement. I then explain quotations from this Wiki page. (Grammatically called a macron, the bar atop a vowel in Latin signifies a long vowel.)
(b) section 1 Number of conjugations: "Modern grammarians generally recognise four conjugations, according to whether their active present infinitive has the ending -āre, -ēre, -ere, or -īre (or the corresponding passive forms), for example: (1) amō [I love], amāre 'to love', (2) videō, vidēre 'to see,' (3) regō, regere 'to rule' and (4) audiō, audīre 'to hear.' There are also some verbs of mixed conjugation, having some endings like the 3rd and others like the 4th conjugation, for example, capiō, capere 'to capture.' "
From section 2 (see next), we know amō, meaning "I love," is "the first person singular of the present indicative active;" and amāre "to love" is "the present infinitive active" (the latter corresponding to "infinitive" in English grammar.
(c) section 2 Principal parts: "* * * The present indicative active and the present infinitive are both based on the present stem. * * * In a [Latin] dictionary, Latin verbs are listed with four 'principal parts' (or fewer for deponent and defective verbs), which allow the student to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:
1. the first person singular of the present indicative active
2. the present infinitive active
3. the first person singular of the perfect indicative active
4. * * *"
(d) section 5 Non-finite forms, section 5.4 Gerund: "The gerund is formed similarly to the present active participle. However, the -ns becomes an -ndus, and the preceding ā or ē is shortened [in pronunciation duration, to become a short vowel]. Gerunds are neuter nouns of the second declension * * * The gerund is a noun, meaning 'the act of doing (the verb)' * * * "
You need not know more about gerund in Latin. The takehome message is that in Latin, there is gerund.
(II) Magister Howard Chang, Lesson 30 Participles; Gerund. Mr Chang's Latin Honor II WordPress Page, February 2015.
https://latin2h.files.wordpress. ... latin-two-years.pdf
("Note[:] The present active participle is formed by adding the ending -ns to the present stem. However, in -iō the third conjugation verbs an i is inserted before the final e of the stem, and in fourth conjugation verbs an e is inserted before the -ns ending")
The examples given in this Web page are three Latin verbs: present active infinitive servāre to keep (belonging to first conjugation verbs); capere to take (belonging to third conjugation verbs); impedīre to impede (belonging to fourth conjugation verbs). Correspondingly "the first person singular of the present indicative active" for them (the preceding three Latin verbs) are: servō (I keep, save), capiō (I take), and impediō (I impede).
(a) The term "in -iō the third conjugation verbs" is superfluous, in that third conjugation verbs always have "the first person singular of the present indicative active" ending in -iō.
(b) In Latin, "present stem" is formed by dropping the last two letters (-re) of a verb. In this Web page, present stem of these three verbs are shown: servā, cape, and impedī.
(c) quotation from (II): "The present active participle is formed by adding the ending -ns to the present stem."
(i) In Latin, present active participle perform the same function as gerund (ending with -ing) in English.
(ii) In (II) also, the present active participle of the three verbs are shown: servāns, sapiēns, and impediēns.
(d) impediō (etymology: from in- into, in + pēs foot + -ō; literally, to "shackle the feet")
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/impedio
(e) Who is Chang?
(i) Citation for Magister Howard Chang JD
https://camws.org/awards/teaching_awards/chang.php
("Magister Chang is Department Chair and Upper School Coordinator at Flint High School in Oakton, VA. He teaches a range of Latin from beginning to AP [advanced placement; there is a Wiki page for it], managing a department of 5 FT [full-time] teachers")
(A) Magister Howard Chang is his name; JD his law degree.
(B) English does not have the word magister (see next), but adjective "magisterial" only.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magisterial
(C) Latin-English dictionary:
* magister (noun masculine): "master"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magister
^ The English noun master came ultimately from this Latin word.
(ii) Oakton, Virginia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakton,_Virginia
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