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本帖最后由 choi 于 1-13-2024 10:04 编辑
There is no need to read beyond the citations BEYOND quotations.
Stephen R Platt, The First Korean War. At one point, China kidnapped the Korean regent to remove him from power. At another, China reinstated him at the expense of his son the king. Wall Street Journal, Dec 23, 2023, at page C8.
https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture ... korean-war-20a4d27b
(book review on Sheila Miyoshi Jager. The Other Great Game. The opening of Korea and the birth of modern East Asia. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, May 16, 2023)
Note:
(a)
(i) The English surname Platt is from Middle English plat platte flat surface (from] Anglo-Norman French plat plast) often with the senses 'footbridge' or 'plot of land.' " (alluding to someone who lives by such a feature) Dictionary of American Family Names, by Oxford Univ Press.
(ii) The First Korean War hints at the second one, the latter of which we call Korean War (1950 - 1953).
(iii) "At one point, China kidnapped the Korean regent to remove him from power. At another, China reinstated him at the expense of his son the king."
(A) The regent was
Heungseon Daewongun 興宣 大院君
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heungseon_Daewongun Taewŏn-gun
(1821 – 1898; birth name YI Ha-eung [李 昰應]; "Daewongun literally translates as 'prince of the great court' * * * The Daewongun came to power when his second son, Yi Myeong-bok [李 命福], was chosen to become king [King of Joseon (1864-1897), Gojong (emperor) of Korean Empire 大韓帝國 高宗 (1897-1907), Emperor Emeritus of Korean Empire (1907-1910 (he died in 1919))] . In January 1864, King Cheoljong [朝鮮哲宗] died without an heir"/ section 7 Return to power: Gojong's wife was 閔玆暎, officially 明成皇后 but commonly known as Queen Min 閔妃)
昰. 中国哲学书电子化计划, undated
https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=gb&char=昰&remap=gb
("康熙字典·日部·五》昰：《说文》是本字。又《集韵》夏古作昰")
Judging from its hangul pronunciation (ha), he second definition (夏) fits the bill.
中国哲学书电子化计划 Chinese Text Project
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/中國哲學書電子化計劃
(table 总部 英国 创始人 德龙 网址 ctext.org 推出时间 2006年)
Creator and administrator of ctext.org, 德龙 Donald Sturgeon is Assistant Professor in computer science, Durham University.
https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/donald-j-sturgeon/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University
There is an en.wikipedia.org page for Korean Empire: also known as Empire of Korea 大韓帝國 (which is hanja). Korean Empire (1897–1910; Japan annexed Korea in 1910) had just two emperors: 高宗, succeeded by his own son 純宗.
(B) 大院君
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/大院君
was a regent in Korea.
Click in this Wiki page 兴宣大院君. The new Wiki page tells you: 高宗's wife 閔妃 * * * 生下儿子李坧，出生1年后被册封为王世子（後來的純宗) * * * [In 1876] 闵妃同意日方条款，放弃锁国路线。大院君上书抨击，要求与日本一战。他还派人前往江华岛，诘责申櫶等谈判官员，阻止朝日建交。但闵妃集团不加理会，于1876年二月二日和日本签订了《江华条约》。大院君对高宗和闵妃更加失望和仇视。 * * * After the Imou Incident (which Qing thought was instigated by 大院君; see next), 闵妃出逃，其党羽或被杀，余党被捕。大院君又乘机掌握政权 * * * 不久，清廷朝鲜事务大臣吴长庆的幕僚马建忠设谋之下，大院君被吴长庆部将袁世凯拘捕，押送天津，监禁于保定府三年，1885年获释回国。 1891年，袁世凯认为高宗昏庸无能，劝高宗禅让于世子李坧，由大院君辅政，高宗听说后非常害怕，急忙命世子监国，接受百官朝贺，效仿肃宗、英祖、纯祖故事，命储君 [ie, 世子] 代理听政。后来经过李容元力劝而罢，但李容元也遭到流配 * * * 1894年春，朝鲜爆发东学党之乱，朝鲜国王请清兵助剿。日本也于该年6月8日派混成旅团入侵朝鲜，并向朝鲜政府提出改革内政要求。被拒后，于7月23日派兵攻占朝鲜王宫，刺杀闵妃 [by this time, 闵妃 had allied with Russia to balance Japan]，并监禁朝鲜高宗。另派一支部队包围并占领大院君私宅云岘宫，利用大院君成立傀儡政权，宣布废止向清朝进贡礼仪，进行脱离清朝运动。
Ganghwa Island 江華島
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghwa_Island
is administratively part of 仁川廣域市 江華郡 (which is hanja).
世子
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/世子
("汉朝 * * * 为了与皇帝的皇太子相区别，把诸王公侯太子改名为 '世子。' 此后中国的这类称呼都延习不改，一直到清朝灭亡 * * * 朝鲜王朝因为是中国的藩属，它每个国家层面的称号都比中国的要低一到两个等级，所以朝鲜的君主称之为国王、朝鲜的太子称之为 '世子' ")
(C) Qing's kidnapping of this guy happened in the aftermath of Imo Incident
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo_Incident
(July 23 to 24, 1882)
is 壬午軍亂 in hanja, 壬午兵变 in Chinese, and 壬午事変 in Japanese. Take notice that Imo is English spelling, whereas Korean pronunciation for and romanization of 壬午 is Im Ou (which are represented in Hangul as two words: 임오; see table in the preceding Wiki link)..
(iv)
(A) Sheila Miyoshi Jager. Professor of East Asian Studies, Oberlin College and Conservatory, undated.
https://www.oberlin.edu/sheila-miyoshi-jager
Oberlin College
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College
(1833-; in Oberlin, Ohio; private)
(B) Sheila Miyoshi Jager
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager
(section 3 Personal life)
(C) Sheila Miyoshi Jager's biological father and mother were
Bernd S Jager (1931-2015) and
Shinko Sakata Jager (1937-2002).
Sakata should be Japanese surname 坂田; that was probably the mother's surname (before the mother married Jager and added Jager as last name and moved Sakata as middle name).
Miyoshi is a feminine given name with corresponding kanji 妙好; hanji 妙's Chinese pronunciation is myō (as in 南無妙法蓮華経) and yoshi is Japanese pronunciation for kanji 吉, 良, 善, 好 etc.
(v) The book title was The Other Great Game. The text of this book review said, "Ms Jager's 'other great game' makes the original round of diplomatic jousting that goes by that name seem simple by comparison. The contest for Afghanistan during the late 19th century had two primary contenders: Britain and Russia. In regard to Korea, there is the three-body problem of Meiji Japan, Qing China and czarist Russia, as well as a concatenation of factions and schisms within Korea itself. Ms Jager describes the interventions of the British, Germans, French and Americans."
(A) Great Game
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Game
("was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian Empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet" section 1 Name: Arthur Conolly)
(B) English dictionaries:
* concatenation
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concatenation
* concatenate (vt; Did You Know? Latin noun feminine catena chain)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concatenate
Remember what I said about catenary arch (which forms when one hangs a rope of equal diameter and density)?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary_arch
(b) In "1880, the American commodore Robert W Shufeldt * * * 'Corea,' he wrote, 'would, in fact, be the battlefield of any war between China and Russia or Japan.' His words were prescient. Regional powers would fight two major wars over Korea in the years to come: first the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and then the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05."
(i) Robert Wilson Shufeldt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilson_Shufeldt
(1850-1934)
(ii) For Corea, see Korea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea
(section 1 Etymology)
(iii) "fight two major wars over Korea"
That is not what textbooks in Taiwan say. The textbooks in Taiwan say Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 had 远因 and 近因. The 1895 Triple Intervention 三国干涉还辽
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Intervention
("The Japanese reaction against the Triple Intervention was one of the causes of the subsequent Russo-Japanese War")
was 近因. This view was summarized in pp 99-100 of
莊淙澍 (國防大學政治系博士研究生), 日俄戰爭之檢討與影響. 復興崗學報 (published by Fu Hsing Kang College, National Defense University, Taiwan 國防大學政治作戰學院), 101期 (December 2011)
https://www.fhk.ndu.edu.tw/site/ ... /journal/101-05.pdf
(c) "Regional powers would fight two major wars over Korea in the years to come: first the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and then the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. * * * Alliances rarely remained stable * * * And within each country, there were divisions. Japan and Russia fought a war in Korea, each supported by different Korean factions, then the war moved into Manchuria (a Qing territory occupied by Russia), where Japan and Russia continued fighting, with Japan secretly supported by China"
(i) Revisit the last sentence of Note (b), which is reproduced in Note (c). Taiwan's textbooks gave an impression that Korea can not be the flash point 导火线 of Russo-Japanese War, in that Japan had effective control over Korea after defeating Qing Dynasty.
(ii)
(A) The Russo-Japanese War. Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated
https://www.britannica.com/place ... -Russo-Japanese-War
(after the first Sino-Japanese War "Although Chinese political influence had been effectively eliminated in Korea, the Japanese struggled to assert themselves as rulers on the peninsula. Encouraged by activists who championed Korean sovereignty, Korean King Kojong [ie, Gojong] declared himself emperor of Taehan ('Great Korea'). The Korean regime also sought help from the Russian Empire to act as a counterweight against Japanese expansionism.
During the Boxer Rebellion (1900), Japanese troops constituted a large part of the allied force that liberated foreign nationals from Beijing. Russia, which had also dispatched a sizable force to the region, took advantage of the emergency to occupy south Manchuria, thereby strengthening communications with Korea. Recognizing that it needed a European ally if it wished to forestall a reversal such as the one that followed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Japanese government began talks with Britain that led to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902). By its terms, each signatory was to come to the aid of the other in the event of an attack by two or more powers but remain neutral if the other was at war with a single power.
With this safeguard the Tokyo government was prepared to take a firmer line with respect to Russian advances in Manchuria and Korea. On February 8, 1904, Japanese ships attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur without the formality of a declaration of war. Adm Stepan Osipovich Makarov, perhaps the most brilliant commander in the Russian navy, was dispatched to the Pacific theatre. Once there, he engaged in a series of running battles with the Japanese fleet, preventing the Japanese from establishing a firm blockade of the harbour at Port Arthur. On March 21, 1904, Makarov was killed when his flagship, the Petropavlovsk, struck a mine and sank.
With the Russians deprived of their ablest strategist, the Japanese scored a string of victories. Having begun landings in Korea in March 1904, another Japanese army landed on the Liaodong Peninsula in May. On May 26 this army cut off the Port Arthur garrison from the main body of Russian forces in Manchuria. The Japanese then pushed north, defeating the Russians at Fu-hsien [复县] (now Wafangdian [(辽宁省大连市)瓦房店市; '1913年，复州改置复县 [so during Russo-Japanese War, it was 复州] * * * 北距沈阳292公里，南距大连 [市中心] 104公里': zh.wikipedia.org for 瓦房店市]) on June 14 and Liaoyang on August 25. Aleksey Kuropatkin, commanding the main body of the Russian army in Manchuria, was forced to fall back to Mukden (now Shenyang). Port Arthur surrendered in January, and the war's most significant land battle took place at Mukden in late February and early March 1905. Some 330,000 Russians and 270,000 Japanese engaged in brutal fighting for more than two weeks; Russian casualties approached 90,000, whereas the Japanese suffered more than 70,000 killed and wounded. Kuropatkin and his exhausted army withdrew, and the Japanese captured Mukden on March 10. The Japanese victory was sealed at the Battle of Tsushima (May 27–29, 1905), when the ships of Adm Tōgō Heihachirō [東郷 平八郎; 郷 has two Chinese pronunciations: kyō and gō] destroyed the Russian Baltic Fleet, which had sailed halfway around the globe in an effort to tip the scales.
Japanese armies, despite victories at Port Arthur and in Manchuria, were strained to their utmost, and it was with relief that Japan accepted US Pres Theodore Roosevelt's offer to negotiate a conclusion to the war. The Treaty of Portsmouth was concluded on September 5, 1905, and by its terms Japanese primacy in Korea was recognized. Russia surrendered to Japan its economic and political interests in south Manchuria (including the Liaodong Peninsula) as well as the southern half of the island of Sakhalin. The victory over Russia represented a tremendous achievement for Japan, and it dramatically shifted the balance of power in East Asia * * * ")
• For 大韓 (帝國), Taehan and Daehan are from two romanization systems: McCune–Reischauer romanization (1937- ; used in North America) and Revised Romanization of Korean (2000- ; official romanization released by S Korean government).
Please note that the same Chinese character 韓 is pronounced han in Korea and kan in Japan (as in Seikanron 征韓論: a bitter debate in Japan 1869–1873, broached in the next Wiki page.
• Treaty of Shimonoseki (下関条約 in Japan, and 马关条约 in China and Taiwan; present-day (山口県)下関市 sits in 本州 across 関門海峡 from 九州; both names (下関 and 赤間関) dated back more than 1,000 years.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimonoseki
("The name of 'Shimonoseki' [下関] appears in Heian period [平安時代 (794-1185); named after capital 平安京, built and modeled after 長安京; currently 京都] documents from 869 AD as the location of a checkpoint controlling maritime access to the Seto Inland Sea [瀬戸内海]; however, by the Kamakura period [鎌倉時代 (1185-1333); the first shogunate of Japan was based in 鎌倉], the name of 'Akamanoseki' was in more common use. During the Genpei War [源平合戦 (1180–1185)], the Heike 平家 and Genji 源氏 fought at the Battle of Dan-no-ura [壇ノ浦の戦い (Apr 25, 1185; this last battle, a sea battle near the shore, of the war occurred at 壇ノ浦); the entire Taira 平 (Hei is Chinese pronunciation) clan was exterminated] near the present Kanmon Bridge" 関門橋 (a suspension bridge like Golden Gate Bridge))
赤間関 later was also known as 赤馬関 in writing (but shared the same pronunciation: akama ga seki), which was then shortened as 馬関 (pronunciation: bakan). 下's Japanese pronunciation shimo; 関's Chinese pronunciation kan and Japanese pronunciation seki; 赤's Japanese pronunciation aka; 馬's Chinese pronunciation ba and Japanese pronunciation uma (abbreviated as ma).
In 1889 the place was incorporated as a city and named 赤間関市; in 1902 the city was renamed 下関: ja,wikipedia.org for 下関市.
But why 赤間関? In Japan 関 means the same as in China: the gap or interval between two points in time or space, apparently referring to 関門海峡.
山本 和幸, 下関の名称の由来、特に赤間関. June 28, 2014 (blog)
https://ameblo.jp/shimonose9m/entry-11885964519.html
("いつから後者の赤間関が主流になったのか？やはり、源平合戦における平家の旗印の赤色にちなんだのであろか！また、名前の由来になった説の一つの紅石山が赤かったのは一帯が赤色の地質であり、赤間石も産出した赤い地域であり記憶に残りやすい名前であった為であろう")
my rough translation: Since when did the latter name Akamaseki [previous paragraph talked about two names of the garrison: the first was 長門関] become mainstream? After all is said and done, it is probably because of the red color of the Heike flag during the Genpei War! Also, one reason was [下関市] 紅石山 and 赤間石 it (mountain) generates.
(Use images.oogle.com to search 赤間石 amd upi will see both reddish mountain (itself) and the pebbles it produces.)
Taira clan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taira_clan
shows its kamon 家紋 (shortened as 紋) at the top of the table.
Minamoto clan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_clan
• For the name of Russian flag ship Petropavlovsk, see Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
(section 1 History: name origin)
Romanization of Russian names Pyotr (Peter) and Pavel (Paul). The Russian surname Pavlov means son of Pavel. Dictionary of American Family Names.
-sk in English is -ск in Russian.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ск
Compare English dictionary:
* Leningrad
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Leningrad
(B) Russo-Japanese War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War
(Japanese: 日露戦争)
Quote:
• "Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean both for its navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok remained ice-free and operational only during the summer; Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by the Qing dynasty of China from 1897, was operational year round.
• "Since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Japan had feared Russian encroachment would interfere with its plans to establish a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria.
• Seeing Russia as a rival, Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of the Korean Empire as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded the establishment of a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan in Korea, north of the 39th parallel. The Imperial Japanese Government perceived this as obstructing their plans for expansion into mainland Asia and chose to go to war. After negotiations broke down in 1904, the Imperial Japanese Navy opened hostilities in a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur, China on Feb 9, 1904.
• "The Qing Empire favoured the Japanese position and even offered military aid, but Japan declined it.
• section 4 Campaign of 1904. section 4.1 Battle of Port Arthur: On the night of Feb 8, 1904, the Japanese fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō opened the war with a surprise torpedo boat destroyer[68] attack on the Russian ships at Port Arthur. The attack heavily damaged the Tsesarevich and Retvizan, the heaviest battleships in Russia's Far Eastern theatre, and the 6,600 ton protected cruiser Pallada. These attacks developed into the Battle of Port Arthur the next morning. A series of indecisive naval engagements followed, in which Admiral Tōgō was unable to attack the Russian fleet successfully as it was protected by the shore batteries of the harbour, and the Russians were reluctant to leave the harbour for the open seas, especially after the death of Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov from a naval mine on April 13, 1904. Although the actual Battle of Port Arthur was indecisive, the initial attacks had a devastating psychological effect on Russia, which had been confident about the prospect of war. The Japanese had seized the initiative while the Russians waited in port. These engagements provided cover for a Japanese landing near Incheon in Korea. From Incheon the Japanese occupied Hanseong and then the rest of Korea. After the Japanese occupation of Hanseong, Emperor Gojong sent a detachment of 17,000 soldiers to support Russia. By the end of April, the Japanese Imperial Army under Kuroki Tamemoto was ready to cross the Yalu River into Russian-occupied Manchuria.
(ii) "Japan and Russia fought a war in Korea, each supported by different Korean factions, then the war moved into Manchuria"
The preceding (or last) quotation right above showed that Japan and Russia did NOT fight a war in KOREA, during Russo-Japanese War or any other war.
(d) "In the first meeting of naval fleets in the Sino-Japanese War, the commodore [identity unknown to me] of China's flagship [定遠] fired its main gun while the Japanese were still far out of range, and without warning his own crew. The admiral [丁汝昌] of the Chinese fleet and his British adviser [William F Typler]—who were standing on the bridge just above the gun—were both knocked unconscious by the blast and rendered deaf, the latter permanently. * * * It [Japan] is a nation that wins wars but rarely gets all it wants in the treaties that follow—as Ms Jager writes of the war with China, 'the generals had won the battle but the civilians [diplomats?] had lost the peace.' "
(e) "a book of this stature deserves better proofreading than Harvard University Press apparently gave it. Typographical errors are numerous and distracting (including 'canons' for 'cannons,' 'envelops' [a verb] for 'envelopes,' 'outlay' [meaning expense] for 'layout').* * * Korea begins the book with a 'Pyrrhic victory' against a small French invasion force"
(i) canon (n; Did You Know?)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/canon
(ii) History of Korea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea
("In 1866, reacting to greater numbers of Korean converts to Catholicism despite several waves of persecutions, the Joseon court clamped down on them, massacring French Catholic missionaries and Korean converts alike. In response France invaded and occupied portions of Ganghwa Island. The French army * * * tried to advance to Seoul, but failed due to strong resistance from the Korean army, and then withdrew from the island")
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发表于 1-12-2024 12:56:38
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