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Andrew E Kramer, Aloft, a Russian Image Problem. New York Times, Aug 30, 2011.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/business/global/russia-hits-headwinds-in-selling-airliners-to-the-west.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=superjet&st=cse
Note:
(a) Aeroflot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot
(Aeroflot, English translation: "air fleet"; the flag carrier and largest airline of the Russian Federation; Founded 1923; Headquarters Moscow; The airline is owned (as of March 2007) by the Russian Government)
(b) The adjective "grim" in "grim upholstery": "ghastly, repellent, or sinister in character <a grim tale>"
www.m-w.com
(c) The report mentions Sukhoi Superjet's "high-bypass engines, a novelty for Russian passenger planes."
Joe Yoon, Jet Engine Types. SpaceWeb.org, July 1, 2001 (No. q0033).
http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/propulsion/q0033.shtml
(i) For some time, I could not understand how the engines of an airplane works. Now I have a vague idea.
(ii) duct (n; New Latin ductus, from Medieval Latin, aqueduct, from Latin, act of leading, from ducere to lead): "a pipe, tube, or channel that conveys a substance"
(iii) Pay attention to this paragraph:
"Turbofans are typically broken into one of two categories--low-bypass ratio and high-bypass ratio--as illustrated above. The bypass ratio refers to the ratio of incoming air that passes through the fan ducts compared to the incoming air passing through the jet core. In a low-bypass turbofan, only a small amount of air passes through the fan ducts and the fan is of very small diameter. The fan in a high-bypass turbofan is much larger to force a large volume of air through the ducts. The low-bypass turbofan is more compact, but the high-bypass turbofan can produce much greater thrust, is more fuel efficient, and is much quieter."
Look at the graphic: (A) In low-bypass turbofan, the fan has a small diameter and the fan duct is narrow (wrapping around the jet core) BUT long (from the front to the end of the engine). (B) The opposite for high-bypass turbofan.
(iv) turbofan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan
Low-bypass turbofan predated high-bypass turbofan.
Mose important, pay attention to the animation in section 5 "High-bypass turbofan" to see how air flow in the fan duct and thus bypass jet core.
(v) Chapter Seven: Aerospace Recession, in TA Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision. NASA History Series, 1999 (NASA SP-4221)
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch7.htm
Quote (heading and two consecutive paragraphs):
"The Boeing 747
"The background to the 747, and the source of most of its troubles, lay in its engines. These were of a new type, known as the high-bypass turbofan. In contrast to earlier jet engines, which had the long and slender shape of a cigar, they introduced an enormous and gaping mouth, with a very large rotating fan in the front. This arrangement produced high thrust with relatively low noise with excellent fuel economy. The term "high-bypass" reflected the fact that most of the air blown by the fan would bypass the engine core, allowing the fan to act as a high-speed propeller. 4
"During the mid-1960s, the Air Force held a burgeoning interest in such engines, which were to power transport aircraft of unprecedented size. These would support the policy of Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, whereby the U.S. was to build up its airlift and sealift capacity to be ready to carry troops and equipment wherever America might choose to intervene. In August 1965, the Air Force picked a high-bypass design from General Electric, the TF-39, and marked it for development. Mounting a fan with diameter of eight feet, this engine was to produce 40,000 pounds of thrust
Take a look at the graphic that follows: high-bypass engine with big fan and short air duct. Also now we know Boeing developed high-bypass engine before US Airforce adopted it.
(d) The NYT report says, "Rather than emphasize the plane’s Siberian origins, with whatever associations with hardship or disaster that may evoke, Sukhoi has marketed it by pointing to its French and Italian partners, which worked in joint ventures to design the engines and provide the avionics."
(i) Sukhoi Superjet 100
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100
(The final assembly of the plane is done by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, its SaM-146 engines are designed and produced by the French-Russian PowerJet joint-venture)
(ii) Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolsk-on-Amur_Aircraft_Production_Association
(acronym: KnAAPO [apparently from Russian]; based in Komsomolsk-on-Amur; the largest aircraft-manufacturing company in Russia; Shareholders of KnAAPO (JSC): United Aircraft Corporation (25.5% of the shares), “Sukhoi Company“ JSC (74.5% of the shares))
(iii) Komsomolsk-on-Amur
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolsk-on-Amur
(situated on the left bank of Amur River)
Amur River (黑龙江 in Chinese) joins Ussuri River at Khabarovsk 哈巴罗夫斯克, ceases to define the Russia-China border, and flows northeast (keeping the same name: Amur River).
(e) bleed air
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed_air
(f) The report comments "Sukhoi’s parent company, United Aircraft Corporation * * * Tupolevs are made by another division of United Aircraft Corporation."
United Aircraft Corporation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Aircraft_Corporation
(With a majority stake belonging to the Russian Government, it consolidates Russian private and state-owned aircraft construction companies and assets engaged in the manufacture, design and sale of military, civilian, transport, and unmanned aircraft./Fonded 2006; Headquarters Moscow)
(g) The report quotes Ms Olga Kayukova, a spokeswoman for Sukhoi’s parent company, United Aircraft Corporation, as saying: Russia would surely be able to compete with China on quality because China is not a traditional aerospace power.
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发表于 8-31-2011 11:10:29
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