本帖最后由 choi 于 1-22-2023 12:26 编辑
(4) "Saint-Denis's was begun about 1137, some 40 years after veterans of the First Crusade brought back accounts of the grandeur of Hagia Sophia, the sixth-century Byzantine church in Constantinople. (That astounding structure, which became a museum in the 20th century, was turned into a mosque by the Turkish government in 2020 * * *) In Saint-Denis, Abbot Suger [He is remembered with one name, rather both first or last] oversaw the cathedral's construction * * * He also made sure the building incorporated a tribute to him (imagining himself, perhaps, a 12th-century Robert Moses, leading his flock into the promised land). * * * The darkness and heaviness of earlier Romanesque churches would be undone with the aid of 'flying' buttresses to support the building's sides. This would allow thinner walls that could be punctuated with soaring windows. Those windows would also become 'paintings'—Suger's word for stained-glass images. * * * In the case of Saint-Denis, where French royalty had been interred for centuries before the cathedral was begun, the connection was palpable: The crypt below holds remains of kings portrayed above."
(a)
(i) Saint Denis of Paris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris
(3rd century; "was bishop of Paris (then Lutetia) in the third century"/ section 1 Name)
(ii) Basilica of Saint-Denis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis
("containing the tombs of the Kings of France, including nearly every king from the 10th century to Louis XVIII in the 19th century. * * * The Queens of France were crowned at Saint-Denis")
You may read Wiki pages for either Paris or Lutetia to know name origins of both words (both because the two names are most often discussed together). The English name for the place that later became Paris is Lutetia is Lutetia, whose Roman name was "Lutetia Parisiorum (lu:ˈti:ʃə pəˌrɪzɪˈɔːrəm)
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/lutetia
(b) Robert Moses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses
(1888 – 1981)
(c) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress
("The flying buttresses of Notre Dame de Paris, constructed in 1180, were among the earliest to be used in a Gothic cathedral")
(d)
(i) Hagia Sophia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia
(Ancient Greek Ἁγία Σοφία for Holy Wisdom; "was originally a Greek Orthodox church from 360 AD until the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum ['Turkish Pres Kemal Atatürk secularized the building'; Encyclopaedia Britannica for Hagia Sophia]. In 2020, the site once again became a mosque. The current structure was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I [reign 527 – 565] as the Christian cathedral of Constantinople for the state church of the Byzantine Empire between 532 and 537 [six years], and was designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. It was formally called the Church of the Holy Wisdom and upon completion became the world's largest interior space and among the first to employ a fully pendentive dome. It is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture * * * The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site")
(A) caption of photo 1: "[The current] Hagia Sophia was built [should be 'completed'] in 537, with minarets added in the 15th–16th centuries when it became a mosque."
(B) table: Dedicated to (it is too long. Please read yourself.)
(C) scheme caption: " * * * the 6th-century Hagia Sophia (532–537) by Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral (1507) in Spain.
(D) photo caption: "The hexapterygon (six-winged angel) on the north-east pendentive (upper left), whose face was discovered and recovered by the Fossati brothers, uncovered in 2009 (annotations)."
This photo shows 40 ribs extends up from in between 40 windows.
(E) In section 1 History, section 1.4 Mosque (1453–1935), section 1.4.1 Renovation of 1847–1849, there are s gallery of thumbnails, two of which, sitting side by side, have captions that reads separately,
"Nave and apse after restoration, facing east"
"Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west"
(ii) Hagia Sophia
https://www.collinsdictionary.co ... nglish/hagia-sophia
(pronunciation: accent of Hagia is on gi, where g is hard g -- same as that in English noun hagiography)
(iii) Ancient Greek-English dictionary (where the first letter of both words are not capitalized):
* ἁγία (adjective masculine (romanization hágios); feminine ἁγίᾱ haɡía): "holy"
* σοφῐ́ᾱ (noun feminine): "wisdom"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/σοφία
(iv) pendentive
(A) Dome; Hagia Sophia. PBS.com, undated (under the heading 'Wonders of the World databank')
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildin ... e/hagia_sophia.html
the first four paragraphs:
"Considered the finest example of Byzantine architecture in the world, the church of Hagia Sophia was constructed on a scale unprecedented in human history. * * * with a force of 10,000 workers * * *
"when construction began, Anthemius found himself in a geometric fix. How would he build a circular dome atop a square base? Anthemius arrived at a revolutionary solution. He built four massive columns at the corner of each square. On top of the columns, he built four arches. He then filled the spaces between the arches with masonry to create curved triangular shapes called pendentives. The pendentives and the tops of the arches combine to form a strong base for the dome.
"But it was the dome that made Hagia Sophia the most complex building of antiquity. The shallow dome was made from 40 equally spaced ribs. Forty windows were then set at the dome's base, creating the sensation that the dome actually floated over the church.
"In 559 AD, an earthquake [partially: Encyclopaedia Britannica] tumbled the dome. It was rebuilt to a smaller scale, and the [walls of] whole church was reinforced from the outside.
(B) pendentive (accent or stress on the second syllable)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentive
(piers; "full development of the form came in the 6th-century Eastern Roman Hagia Sophia at Constantinople")
(v) math
The Hagia Sophia. Mathematical Association of America, undated
https://www.maa.org/sites/defaul ... ini4HagiaSophia.pdf
View Figure 3.1 and read page 12 and thereafter.
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发表于 1-21-2023 12:27:57
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