Music Software

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James Barron, For Pianist, Software Is Replacing Sonatas. New York Times, Aug. 21, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/21/arts/music/21taub.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper

My comment:
(a) The accompanying video in the newspaper web site (2 minutes 22 seconds; produced by Vijai Singh):
Improvox: Unzipping the DNA of Music
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2010/08/20/arts/1247468534351/improvox-unzipping-the-dna-of-music.html?scp=7&sq=music%20application&st=cse
(b) Robert Taub
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taub
(1955- ; a graduate of Princeton University, and doctoral degree from the Juilliard School)
(c) The last name Taub or Taube, for Germans or Jews, is German for pigeon/dove.
(d) putter (vi; alteration of potter): "to move or act aimlessly or idly"
All definitions are from www.m-w.com.
(e) Franz Schubert
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert
(1797-1828; Austrian composer)

Franz is German form of Frank.
(f) sonatina (n; Italian, diminutive of sonata): "a short usually simplified sonata"

* sonata (n; Italian, from sonare to sound, from Latin)

(g) note (n): " a written symbol used to indicate duration and pitch of a tone by its shape and position on the staff"

* staff (n; ultimately Sanskrit stabhnāti he supports): "1a: a long stick carried in the hand for support in walking * * * "the horizontal lines with their spaces on which music is written"

(h) Milton Babbitt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Babbitt
(1916- ; American composer)
(i) metronome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronome

* tick (n): "a light rhythmic audible tap or beat"
(j) The "vox" in "Improvox":

voice (n; Latin vox, Sanskrit vāk voice)
(k) plug-in (n): "1: something that plugs in
2: a small piece of software that supplements a larger program (as a browser)"
(l) Auto-Tune
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune
(a proprietary audio processor created by Antares Audio Technologies; initial release: 1997)
(m) Johann Sebastian Bach
(1865-1750; German)
(n) Baroque
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque
(an artistic style prevalent from the late 16th century to the early 18th century in Europe. It is most often defined as "the dominant style of art in Europe between the Mannerist and Rococo eras; section 7 Baroque music; section 8 Etymology:  According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baroque is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco", Spanish "barroco", or French "baroque", all of which refer to a "rough or imperfect pearl")

(o) barbershop music
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop_music
(Barbershop vocal harmony, as codified during the barbershop revival era (1940s – present), is a style of a cappella, or unaccompanied vocal music characterized by consonant four-part chords 和弦 for every melody note in a predominantly homophonic texture; section 2 Historical origins)

和弦
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%A6

(p)  LeNet-5, convolutional neural networks
http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/lenet/

*On this web page, click "Back to Yann's Home" in the upper left corner, and click "Bio" in the new page.

Yann LeCun: born near Paris in 1960; PhD in Computer Science from Université Pierre et Marie Curie in 1987; "His handwriting recognition technology is used by several banks around the world, and his image compression technology called DjVu is used by hundreds of web sites and publishers and millions of users to access scanned documents on the Web."

Pierre and Marie Curie University
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University
(established 1971, following the division of University of Paris (1253); principal heir to the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris; the largest scientific and medical complex in France)

* neural network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network
(Traditionally, the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons; the modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes; section 4.2 Current research: convolution)

convolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution

(q) crumhorn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumhorn
(a musical instrument of the woodwind family, most commonly used during the Renaissance period)
(r) Mr. Watson, come here. American Treasures of the Library of Congress.
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr002.html
("Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry of March 10, 1876, describes the first successful experiment with the telephone, during which he spoke through the instrument to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, in the next room")
(s) Pink (singer)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)
(Alecia Beth Moore; born 1979; better known by her stage name Pink (stylized as P!nk); American)
(t) Backstreet Boys
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys
(1993-present; four men from Orlando, Florida)
(u) reverb (n; short for reverberation): "an electronically produced echo effect in recorded music"
(v) phasing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasing
(w) flanging
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanging
(x) Manhattan School of Music
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music
(private; retablished 1917)
(y) For Hammerklavier, see Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._29_(Beethoven)
(The sonata's name comes from Beethoven's later practice of using German rather than Italian words for musical terminology (Hammerklavier literally means "hammer-keyboard")

Hammerklavier is "a German word for early pianos." Wikipedia.

Piano
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano
(classification: Simple chordophone with keyboard sounded by hammers)

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