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泛神论不能认为是无神论的改头换面。对这一点本存在争议。但是，泛神论是对基督教的一种颠覆，是启蒙运动的一部分。然而，启蒙运动中的思潮，不仅仅是无神论在知识分子中的扩大。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza#Pantheism_controversy
Pantheism controversy
Main article: Pantheism controversy
In 1785, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi published a condemnation of Spinoza's pantheism, after Lessing was thought to have confessed on his deathbed to being a "Spinozist", which was the equivalent in his time of being called an atheist. Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure materialism, because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended substance. This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism. Moses Mendelssohn disagreed with Jacobi, saying that there is no actual difference between theism and pantheism. The entire issue became a major intellectual and religious concern for European civilization at the time, which Immanuel Kant rejected, as he thought that attempts to conceive of transcendent reality would lead to antinomies (statements that could be proven both right and wrong) in thought.
The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late eighteenth-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. Three of Spinoza's ideas strongly appealed to them:
the unity of all that exists;
the regularity of all that happens; and
the identity of spirit and nature.
Spinoza's "God or Nature" provided a living, natural God, in contrast to the Newtonian mechanical "First Cause" or the dead mechanism of the French "Man Machine."
【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 爱因斯坦是泛神论者（如斯宾诺莎），不是自然神论者（如莱布尼茨）。所谓自然神论，是指承认创世神存在、但认为神在创世之后就不再干涉世间事务。而泛神论则否认有任何人格神（包括创世神）存在，而仅仅把“神”这个词当作“自然”或者“物理规律”的同义词来使用，说白了就是改头换面的无神论
: 【 在 jprp (极品人品) 的大作中提到: 】
: (以下引言省略...)
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楼主
发表于 6-6-2009 09:42:14