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Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz
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你这是一种很典型的误解。事实上,Hohfeld之所以提出liberty rights vs. claim rights的区分,恰恰是要反对在他之前那种认为“允许”与“不可侵犯”是权利的“两个属性”的观点(即所谓的The Conflation of Permissibility and Inviolability Thesis)。你当然可以反对Hohfeld的观点,认为这种区分不对或者没意义,但只要你接受了这种区分,就必须在“liberty rights和claim rights是两种不同的权利,而非权利的两种不同属性”这个框架下去理解。
比如你说【私有产权,当没有受到他人侵犯,或者他人欠账的时候,这是一种 liberty rights】,这个说法在liberty rights vs. claim rights的框架下是完全错误的。因为一种权利是否为claim right,并不依赖于某些特定行为是否实际上已经发生;相反,它之所以是claim right,是由于已有法律(无论是习惯法、成文法、或自然法)中一开始就将它设定为具有对等义务的权利,而这种设定是发生在任何实际的行为之先的。这个东西是我的私有物产、我对它具有产权,这一事实本身就构成了我对其他任何个体或团体的claim:你们有义务尊重我对这个东西的产权,有义务不侵犯我对它的处置权。这个claim是先于任何欠账、抢劫等实际行为的,它的效力在任何这些实际行为发生之前就已经存在了。
【 在 lihlii (立里) 的大作中提到: 】
: https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/msg/15a8f872e2c88b7f
: dikaios 对 liberty rights, claim rights,左派,右派的概念,我还有不赞同。
: liberty rights 和 claim rights 的分类学,不是将现实社会的 rights 分成两类,而是现实社会的 rights 所具有的两个属性。我粗略想一下,两者是紧密相关,相互依赖的。因为 liberty rights 的表述中,离不开一个 “permission”的概念,而这个 permission 的对立概念是 prevention。那么,liberty rights 本身就必然隐含了他人不可阻止的概念在其中。所以,我认为这种分类学不是说存在两类 rights,而是从不同角度描述 rights 在不同情况下的不同性质。
: 比如私有产权,当没有受到他人侵犯,或者他人欠账的时候,这是一种 liberty rights。但是私有产权不可能不和其他社会成员发生关系,因此,必然在各种交易,借贷关系中,表现为 claim rights。
: 因此,dikaios 对“开车是特权,不是权利”(Driving is a privilege, not a right)的分析并不准确。这一说法,并不是从 liberty rights 和 claim rights 的角度去阐述的,而是从利权的获取是否无条件(born rights)的角度来阐述的。这句话的意思是,Driving is a acquired privilege, but not a born right. 驾驶的是有条件的。这和 liberty rights 和 claim rights 有些关系,但是并非从同一个角度去分析的划分。liberty rights 和 claim rights 是从一项 right 和其他人的 right / duty 之间的关系来分类的,而 driving license 上的这句话是从 right 的获取和终止的角度来分类的。
: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights
: Claim rights and liberty rights
: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
: Rights
: Theoretical distinctions
: Natural and legal rights
: Claim rights and liberty rights
: Negative and positive rights
: Individual and Group rights
: Human rights divisions
: Three generations
: Civil and political
: Economic, social and cultural
: Right holders
: Animals · Humans
: Men · Women
: Fathers · Mothers
: Children · Youth · Students
: Minorities · LGBT
: Other groups of rights
: Authors' · Digital · Labor
: Linguistic · Reproductive
: v • d • e
: Some philosophers and political scientists make a distinction between claim rights and liberty rights. A claim right is a right which entails responsibilities, duties, or obligations on other parties regarding the right-holder. In contrast, a liberty right is a right which does not entail obligations on other parties, but rather only freedom or permission for the right-holder. This distinction originates in American jurist Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld's analysis of "rights" into claims (or rights proper), liberties (or privileges), powers, and immunities, in his seminal work Fundamental Legal Conceptions, As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays.
: The other two terms of Hohfeld's analysis, powers and immunities, refer to second-order liberties and claims, respectively. Powers are liberty rights regarding the modification of first-order rights, e.g. the U.S. Congress has certain positive powers to modify some of U.S. citizens' legal rights, inasmuch as it can impose or remove legal duties. Immunities, conversely, are claim rights regarding the modification of first-order rights, e.g. U.S. citizens have, per their Constitution, certain negative immunities limiting the positive powers of the U.S. Congress to modify their legal rights. As such, immunities and powers are often subsumed within claims and liberties by later authors.
: Contents
: [hide]
: * 1 The deontic logic of claims and liberties
: * 2 Relation to positive and negative rights
: * 3 See also
: * 4 External links
: [edit]The deontic logic of claims and liberties
: A person's liberty right to x consists in his permission to do x, while a person's claim right to x consists in an obligation on others to allow or enable him to do x. For example, to assert a liberty right to free speech is to assert that you have permission to speak freely; that is, that you are not doing anything wrong by speaking freely. But that liberty right does not in itself entail that others are obligated to help you communicate the things you wish to say, or even that they would be wrong in preventing you from speaking freely. To say these things would be to assert a claim right to free speech; to assert that others are obliged to refrain (i.e. prohibited) from preventing you from speaking freely (that is, that it would be wrong for them to do so) or even perhaps obliged to aid your efforts at communication (that is, it would be wrong for them to refuse such aid). Conversely, such claim rights do not entail liberty rights; e.g. laws prohibiting vigilante justice (establishing a legal claim right to be free thereof) do not thereby condone or permit all the acts which such violent enforcement might otherwise have prevented.
: However, a liberty right can be asserted as the inverse of a claim right: a person has a liberty right permitting him to do something only if there is no other person who has a claim right forbidding him from doing so. This is because the deontic concepts of obligation and permission are De Morgan dual; you are permitted to do all and only things you are not obliged to refrain from.
: To illustrate, a world with only liberty rights, without any claim rights, would by definition be a world wherein everything was permitted and no act or omission was prohibited; a world wherein none could rightly claim that they had been wronged or neglected. Conversely, a world with only claim rights and no liberty rights would be a world wherein nothing was merely permitted, but all acts were either obligatory or prohibited. The assertion that people have a claim right to liberty - i.e. that people are obliged only to refrain from preventing each other from doing things which are permissible, their liberty rights limited only by the obligation to respect others' liberty - is the central thesis of liberal theories of justice.
: [edit]Relation to positive and negative rights
: The distinction between liberty rights and claim rights should not be confused for the distinction between negative and positive rights. Both liberty and claim rights come in positive and negative varieties: your permission to do something is a positive liberty right, your permission to refrain from something is a negative liberty right, another's obligation to do something for you is a positive claim right, and another's obligation to refrain from doing something to you is a negative claim right. However, the De Morgan dual relationship between claim rights and liberty rights crosses the positive-negative rights distinction: one's positive claims limit others' negative liberties and vice versa (i.e. others are obliged to do something for you if and only if they are not permitted to refrain from doing so); likewise, one's negative claims limit others' positive liberties and vice versa (i.e. others are obliged to refrain from doing something to you if and only if they are not permitted to do so).
: [edit]See also
: * Freedom versus license
: * Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld
: [edit]External links
: * The Form of Rights: The Hohfeldian Analytical System, Rights section 2.1, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
: * Claim Rights & Liberty Rights, Human Rights section 3b, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
: * The Difference Between a Right and Liberty, Professor William E. May
: [hide]
: v • d • e
: Rights theory
: Natural and legal rights · Claim rights and liberty rights · Negative and positive rights · Individual rights and Group rights
: Natural law · Positive law · State sovereignty · Universal jurisdiction
: Categories: Human rights | Rights
: 【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: : liberty rights和claim rights的区分是法学家Wesley Hohfeld在二十世纪初做出的,虽然迄今并未在法学界得到广泛应用,但为其辩护的人也不少,可以说自成一派,在政治学与法学界是绕不开的概念。楼主如果是业余玩票,犯些错误还情有可原,如果是专业人士,整篇文章可以说是有辱师门了。我这篇回复,前面一半澄清一下楼主
: : (以下引言省略...)
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